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Grade 11A Name:______________________________ Class: _________________ Active reading 11A – Evolution by natural selection Topic 1: Developing a theory How did Darwin’s experiences influence his ideas about evolution? Evolution is the process by which species change over time. Modern evolutionary theory began when Charles Darwin presented evidence that evolution happens and gave an explanation of how it happens. The VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE In the 1830s, Darwin took a global voyage on a ship called the Beagle. This voyage inspired many of his ideas. During the voyage, Darwin collected many natural objects, including nine species of finches in the Galapagos Islands. The birds were very similar, but their beaks differed in size and shape. He also noted that many of the island’s plant and animal species were similar to species in South America. Darwin proposed that the finch species descended from a single South American species. The descendants became modified, or changed, over time to survive on different foods. Darwin called such a change descent with modification. This idea was a key part of his history. After he returned from his voyage, Darwin studied his data for years. He did not report his ideas about evolution right way. Instead, he took time to gather more data and to form a good explanation for how evolution happens. Grade 11A Name:______________________________ Class: _________________ ARTIFICIAL SELECTION Later in his life, Darwin became interested in breeding exotic pigeons. He noted that breeders take advantage of natural variations within a species. Breeders identify traits in each generation that they prefer. For example, a dog breeder may prefer a dog with thicker fur or longer legs. If these traits can be inherited, breeders can simply select individuals that have the traits. Darwin called this process artificial selection. How did the ideas of others influence Darwin? Most people in Darwin’s time thought that species stayed the same forever. However, some scientists proposed ways that species may change over time. Darwin was influenced by ideas from the fields of natural history, economics, and geology. Individuals and ideas that influenced Darwin Individual(s) Major ideas and field Jean Baptiste Proposed that organisms change Lamark (natural over time as they adapt to history) changing environments Though (incorrectly) that changes due to use or disuse of a trait would be passed on to offspring Thomas Noted that the human Malthus population was growing faster (economics) than the food supply Predicted that limited resources would cause deaths from disease, war, or famine Georges Cuvier Argued that fossils in rock layers (geology) showed: Differences in species over time That species from the past differed from those of the present James Hutton Thought that geologic processes, such as and Charles those that form rocks and fossils, work Lyell (geology) gradually and constantly Importance to Darwin’s theory Suggested that inheritance plays a role in evolution Darwin proposed that all populations, not just human populations, are limited by their environments. Showed that species change over time Showed that earth’s history was long enough for species to have evolved gradually Grade 11A Name:______________________________ Class: _________________ Key words Evolution Descendant Artificial selection Finches Trait Species Vocabulary Artificial selection The human practice of breeding animals or plants that have certain desired traits. Evolution generally, in biology, the process of change by which new species develop from preexisting species over time; at the genetic level, the process in which inherited characteristics within populations change over time; the process defined by Darwin as ‘’descent with modification’’ A. Write one or more sentences to answer the following questions 1. How did Darwin explain the similarities among finches in the Galapagos Islands and in South America? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 2. Explain according to Darwin, why did the different populations of finches become modified over time? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. What is descent with modification? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Grade 11A Name:______________________________ Class: _________________ 4. How does artificial selection provide evidence that species can change over time? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. Identify what idea did Lamarck and Darwin share? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 6. What evidence from fossils and rock layers influenced Darwin’s ideas? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 7. What idea of Malthus did Darwin extend to all populations? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 8. Identify three fields of study that influenced Darwin’s ideas? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Grade 11A Name:______________________________ Class: _________________ B. Circle the letter of the phrase that best answers the question. 1. Prior to the 1800's people believed _____. A) B) C) D) The earth was billions of years old Living things shared a common ancestor Species were specially created and fixed in time Species evolved in response to their environment 2. Darwin made some of his most famous observations of species' adaptations on the _____ Islands. A) B) C) D) Virgin Galapagos Falkland Philippines 3. All the ground-dwelling finches that live on the Galapagos Islands have the same size and shape beaks. A) B) True False 4. According to Darwin’s descent with modification, organisms … A) B) C) D) Can exist in only one particular geographic location Give rise to similar organisms Do not change over time Both (a) and (b) C. What does Islam say about evolution? What is the Islamic view on evolution? Search the internet or discuss with your Islamic teacher Grade 11A Name:______________________________ Class: _________________ D. The illustration below show a South American finch and some of the species of finches found on Galapagos Islands. The map shows the relationship of the Galapagos Islands to the west coast of South America. There are 13 species of finches found on the Galapagos Islands. These finches have a wide variety of food sources and beak shapes. There is one genetically similar species of finch found on the South American mainland. This finch eats small seeds. Use the map and the bird illustrations to identify and explain two ways that these finches provide evidence that supports the theory of evolution. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________