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INTRODUCTION TO THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND THE PITUITARYHYPOTHALAMIC AXIS D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY COMPARISON OF ENDOCRINE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS NERVOUS SYSTEM “WIRED” CHEMICAL SIGNAL AT TARGET CELL RAPID BRIEF DURATION ENDOCRINE SYSTEM “WIRELESS” CHEMICAL SIGNAL AT TARGET CELL SLOW LONG DURATION CATEGORIES OF HORMONES PEPTIDES AMINES STEROIDS PEPTIDES HYDROPHILIC DISSOLVED IN PLASMA RECEPTOR ON CELL SURFACE SECOND MESSENGERS MAY ACTIVATE SPECIFIC GENES TO REGULATE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS PEPTIDE HORMONES HYPOTHALAMIC PITUITARY PANREATIC PARATHYROID GI KIDNEY LIVER HEART AMINES THYROID HORMONE CATECHOLAMINES ALL DERIVED FROM AMINO ACID TYROSINE UNIQUE SYNTHETIC AND SECRETORY PATHWAYS STEROIDS DERIVED FROM CHOLESTEROL LIPOPHILIC RECEPTOR IN CYTOPLASM MAY ACTIVATE SPECIFIC GENES TO INITIATE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ADRENAL CORTICAL GONADAL PLACENTAL PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF HORMONES DEPENDS ON RATE OF SECRETION NEGATIVE FEEDBACK NEUROENDOCRINE REFLEXES DIURNAL RHYTHMS TYPES OF ENDOCRINE DISORDERS HORMONE EXCESS HORMONE DEFICIENCY DECREASED RESPOSIVENESS OF RECEPTORS THE PITUITARYHYPOTHALAMIC AXIS INTERFACING THE NERVOUS SYSTEM WITH THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM HYPOTHALAMUS AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY NEUROSECRETORY NEURONS VASOPRESSIN OXYTOCIN ANTERIOR PITUITARY HYPOTHALAMUS POSTERIOR PITUITARY SYSTEMIC ARTERY SYSTEMIC VEIN HYPOTHALAMUS AND ANTERIOR PITUITARY NEUROSECRETORY NEURONS ANTERIOR PITUITARY: •TSH •ACTH •PROLACTIN •GROWTH HORMONE •LH •FSH HYPOTHALAMUS POSTERIOR PITUITARY CLASSIFICATION OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES GLYCOPROTEIN FAMILY: TSH, FSH,LH GROWTH HORMONE PROLACTIN FAMILY: GH OR STH PROOPIOMELANOCORIN FAMILY: ACTH, -LIPOTROPIN, -ENDORPHIN HYPOTHALAMIC-HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM SECRETED BY NERVE CELLS IN HYPOTHALAMUS VESSELS PASS THROUGH STALK OF PITUITARY FROM HYPOTHALAMUS TO ANTERIOR PITUITARY CARRY HYPOTHALAMIC REGULATORY HORMONES HYPOTHALAMIC REGULATORY HORMONES HYPOPHYSIOTROPIC HORMONES CONTROL THE SECRETION OF OTHER HORMONES BY ACTING ON ENDOCRINE TISSUE HYPOTHALAMIC RELEASING AND INHIBITING HORMONES (HYPOPHYSIOTROPIC) CONTROL THE SECRETION OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY TROPIC HORMONES TRH:THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE PRF:PROLACTIN RELEASING FACTOR PIF:PROLACTIN INHIBITING FACTOR GHRH:GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE SRIF: SOMATOTROPIN RELEASE-INHIBITING FACTOR CRH:CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE GnRH: GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE HIERARCHICAL CONTROL INPUT HYPOTHALAMUS HORMONE 1 (RELEASING/INHIBITING) H/H PORTAL SYSTEM ANTERIOR PITUITARY ENDOCRINE GLAND HORMONE 2 (TROPIC) SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION HORMONE 3 SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION TARGET CELLS NEGATIVE FEEDBACK INPUT HYPOTHALAMUS HORMONE 1 (RELEASING/INHIBITING) H/H PORTAL SYSTEM ANTERIOR PITUITARY ENDOCRINE GLAND HORMONE 2 (TROPIC) SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION HORMONE 3 SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION TARGET CELLS ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES:TSH THYROID GLAND THYROID HORMONES (T3 & T4 ) ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES:ACTH ADRENAL CORTEX CORTISOL ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES:PROLACTIN MAMMARY GLANDS BREAST GROWTH AND MILK SECRETION ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES: GROWTH HORMONE LIVER SOMATOMEDINS BONE SOFT TISSUE GROWTH MANY TISSUES INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM INCREASE OR DECREASE ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES: LH & FSH: ACT ON GONADS LH:LUTEINIZING HORMONE SEX HORMONE SECRETION F: ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE M: TESTOSTERONE FSH:FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE GAMETE PRODUCTION OVA SPERM