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Biology Unit 10: Inheritance 1. (a) (b) (i) Year 11 Higher Level gametes shown: X Y X X or X X correctly constructed lines or Punnet square; XX XX XY XY or XY XY ANSWERS X XX Y ; XX ;; 3 (ii) Probability = ½ / 50/50/ one in two/ 1:1 ; 1 (i) X chromosome sinks further / is heavier/ (most) X chromosomes are in layer B; ORA 1 male has just X chromosomes / sperm has no Y chromosome / male has only one type / same chromosome so all / most sperm X chromosomes are concentrated at one point / there / no separation; 2 (ii) [7] 2. An explanation to include four from: 1. radiation causes mutation / eq; 2. results in new feature / new features arise / variations naturally present in population / eq; 3. new feature passed onto offspring / eq; 4. gives better survival (in offspring) / advantage / selected for / fittest survive / best adapted survive / eq; 5. poor features selected against / disadvantaged / die out / eq; 6. over many generations / takes a long time / eq; plus one communication mark for using a suitable structure and style of writing 4 1 [5] 3. (a) (b) reference to alleles / genes / genetics / DNA; they are different; Ignore references to dominant / recessive 2 female XX / two X chromosomes / sex chromosomes the same; [Accept no Y chromosome] [Reject the chromosomes are all XX] 1 [3] The British International School 1 Biology Unit 10: Inheritance Year 11 Higher Level ANSWERS 4. (a) (b) An explanation to include: cf is caused by recessive alleles / is a recession condition; parents are carriers / heterozygous; An explanation to include two of: bacteria / micro-organisms are trapped in mucus; but not brought up / swallowed / killed in stomach acid; too much mucus hinders action of cilia; 2 2 [4] 5. (a) normal short 1 (b) Nn nn; 1 (c) N n n n; combinations of genotypes, correctly derived; if parental genotypes are incorrect, two marks max for Punn square/diagram (d) Nn nn 1 1 [4] 6. (a) only expressed/shown when homozygous/both recessive/both same;; 1 (b) A a A a ; AA Aa Aa aa ; correct derivation; [correct Punnett square] 1 1 1 (c) has cystic fibrosis/disease/sufferer/ref to symptons (e.g. excessive mucus/ difficulty breathing); 1 (d) ½, half/ 50/50 / 1 in 2/50%/0.5/1:1/ 2/4; 1 credit any letter except X/Y [6] The British International School 2 Biology Unit 10: Inheritance 7. Year 11 Higher Level ANSWERS (a) 6; 1 (b) one long, one middling, one short (chromosome shown as a single line); 1 (c) meiosis; REJECT e.g. any spelling involving “t” 1 [3] 8. An explanation to include four of: initially most flies susceptible / die; mutations; some have resistance / show variation; this is genetic / inheritable; differential survival / survival of the fittest; eventually most flies are resistant; (reject immunity and acquired characteristics) [4] 9. (a) (b) (c) (d) (i) polydactylous / has extra digits / toes / fingers / affected; [Ignore single letter in answer but if genotype given, reject] 1 (ii) does not have condition / normal / no extra / unaffected; [Ignore single letter in answer but if genotype given, reject] 1 (i) sex – male / boy; phenotype – unaffected / normal / no extra; [Ignore single letter in answer but if genotype given, reject] 2 (ii) Dd / heterozygous; dd / homozygous recessive; [Deduct 1 mark for each additional incorrect genotype] 2 (iii) Dd / heterozygous; 1 X (chromosome) from mother/ egg; Y (chromosome) from father/ sperm; 2 (parents Dd dd) gametes D d d d; children Dd Dd dd dd; probability - 50:50 / 1:1 / ½ / equal (chance) / evens / 0.5 / 50% eq; 3 [12] 10. (a) phenotype genotype The British International School – visible characteristics / alleles expressed / eq; – genetic make-up / all alleles / dominant and recessive alleles / eq; 2 3 Biology Unit 10: Inheritance (b) (c) Year 11 Higher Level ANSWERS – widening blood capillaries to increase blood flow/ increases heat loss / more blood to skin / arteriole open / eq; vasoconstriction – narrowing of blood capillaries to reduce blood flow / decreases heat loss / more blood to body core / arteriole closed / eq; [Reject blood vessel movement once only] vasodilation 2 – chemicals / tablets / medicine to kill bacteria / produced by microbes / eq; – produced by wbc / lymphocytes in response to an antigen / produced by plasma cells / eq; Antibiotics Antibodies [Reject viruses] [Ignore fight infection] 2 [6] 11. (a) (b) A suggestion to include: 1. some cacti have longer roots / long roots (qualified) / eq; 2. longer rooted cacti take in more water / eq; 3. longer rooted cacti more likely to survive / survival of the fittest /eq; 4. longer rooted cacti reproduces / eq; 5. longer rooted cacti better adapted to environment / shorter rooted cacti may die / become extinct / eq; 6. population of cacti changes over time / evolve (to have longer roots) / eq; [Allow complete reverse argument for shorter rooted cacti] [Apply mark scheme to size of cactus] 4 (i) → (D) → A C → → B modern cat [Deduct 1 mark for each error] (ii) An explanation to include two from: 1. teeth which are least similar are most distant ancestors / eq; 2. teeth become more similar to modern cat / bigger / stronger (over time) /eq; 3 number of teeth less / shape of teeth changes /eq; 4. shape of jaw changes from flat to rounded over time / eq; 5. similar teeth suggest similar diet to modern cat / eq; 2 [8] 12. (a) AA A The British International School aa A a ; a ; 2 4 Biology Unit 10: Inheritance (b) (i) Year 11 Higher Level A a A AA Aa Aa [Deduct 1 mark for each error] ANSWERS a aa ; ;; 3 Candidates’ answers in punnet square form only gain credit. If both lines and punnet square given the answers on lines take precedence. (c) (ii) 3:1 / 3 in 4 yellow to white / 1 in 4 white to yellow; 1 (iii) 150 yellow; 50 white; [Accept candidates’ ratios from (ii) applied to 200 seeds] 1 An explanation to include three from: 1. breed / “Peaches and Cream” / eq; 2. named good feature of other variety / larger seeds / more seeds / more yellow / more white / sweeter / eq; 3. collect seeds / seeds produced / eq; 4. grow seeds / eq; 5. test new sweet corn / eq; 6. continue process / repeat / further selective breeding / eq ; 3 plus one communication mark for presenting relevant information that suits its purpose; 1 [11] 13. (a) (b) four chromosomes present in each; two larger / two smaller; [Chromosomes must be single as parent to get both], doubled ones get 1 mark only] Any two from: 1. meiosis produces haploid cells / half the chromosome produces cells with single chromosomes / n; 2. four cells produced by meiosis / double division; 3. gametes / cells from meiosis show variation / ORA; [Ignore reference to numbers of chromosomes] 2 2 [4] 14. (a) D C E five/six correct four correct three correct two correct one correct The British International School B F - A 5 marks 4 marks 3 marks 2 marks 1 mark 5 5 Biology Unit 10: Inheritance (b) (c) Year 11 Higher Level ANSWERS 2 cells / chromosomes lie singly in the middle / diploid cells produced / chromosomes in pairs in daughter cells / only one division / daughter cells have 4 chromosomes / daughter cells identical to parent / eq; 1 mitosis – repair / replacement / growth / making body cells / produces clones / eq; [Ignore asexual reproduction] meiosis – gamete production / sexual reproduction / produces sex cells / reduction division / produces reproductive cells / production of haploid cells / eq; 2 [8] 15. (a) (i) (ii) (b) make sure results reliable / make more certain of results / make results more valid / representative / avoid anomalies / to get a more representative average / to see a pattern / wider range of outcomes / OWTTE; [Ignore to get a better average / make results more accurate] A suggestion to include two from: 1. method / how he did experiment / how he grew plants / draw apparatus; 2. results / description of results / genetic diagrams; 3. conclusions /what he found out; 4. suggested other experiments / criticisms / evaluated; 5. drawings of his observations / peas / plants / eq; A suggestion to include two from: 1. fewer offspring idea; 2. ethical objections/ cruelty/ named ethical objection to working with humans animals / religious objection; 3. animals harder to grow / keep alive / look after / difficult to mate / harder to manage / qualified cost e.g. more to feed / house; 4. animals can pass on diseases to humans; [Ignore reference to unqualified cost/ time to maturity i.e. animals take longer to grow] 1 2 2 [5] The British International School 6 Biology Unit 10: Inheritance 16. (a) Year 11 Higher Level ANSWERS Nn; NN; 2 (b) two; 1 (c) zero/eq; 1 (d) half/eq; 1 [5] 17. (a) C/Lucy and Daniel have same coloured eyes; (b) (i) (ii) 1 male; blue; 2 X from ovum/mother; Y from sperm/father; 2 (c) bb; 1 (d) (i) Lucy; 1 (ii) Rachel’s twin must: be a girl/Lucy or Sarah; have brown eyes/can’t have blue eyes; 2 [9] 18. (a) (b) Bb X bb; BB X bb; (i) Bb X B b 2 Bb; B b; 2 (ii) 3:1/ 31/ 3 to 1 / 3 in 4 / ¾ /75%/0.75/eq; 1 (iii) 12 000; 8 000/4 000; 2 The British International School 7 Biology Unit 10: Inheritance (c) Year 11 Higher Level ANSWERS (i) An explanation to include six from: 1. more light (than dark) in 1888/more dark (than light) in 1998/ORA; 2. camouflaged/not seen/better adaption/ORA; 3. light surface/unpolluted/little pollution/ORA; 4. not eaten/killed/survive/survival of fittest/selected for/ORA; 5. predators/birds/eq; 6. reproduce/breed/eq; 7. DNA/allele/genes/passed on/eq; 8. (to) offspring/eq; 9. reference to change in environment/background/pollution/eq; 10. mutation/change in DNA/eq; 6 (ii) mutation/change in DNA/change in genes/eq; 1 [14] 19. (a) 1 J (b) K An explanation to include two from: have the cystic/recessive allele/masked by the dominant allele/eq; [Reject gene] do not have cystic fibrosis/abnormal mucus/have normal mucus/does not suffer (symptoms)/not affected/can breathe/digest properly/eq; can be passed on/eq; 2 (c) three; 1 (d) female with cystic fibrosis; 1 (e) 1 in 4 / 1 / 0.25 / 25% / 1:3 /eq; 4 [Reject 1:4] 1 1 / 0.125 / 12.5% / 1:7 /eq; 8 [Reject 1:8] 1 (f) 1 in 8 / [7] 20. nucleus; chromosome; allele; variation; environment; 5 [5] The British International School 8 Biology Unit 10: Inheritance 21. Year 11 Higher Level ANSWERS (a) A T C C C G T A G G G C ;; 2 All six correct - 2 marks five correct - 1 mark four or less correct - 0 marks (b) (double) helix/spiral/twisted ladder; (c) (i) (ii) (d) 1 gene transfer/genetic modification/genetic engineering/transgenic/genetic manipulation/(gene) splicing; 1 asexual reproduction/cloning/mitosis/binary fission; 1 insulin/growth hormone/any named human hormone; 1 [6] 22. (a) (i) numbers remain constant/eq; over a long period of time; 2 A suggestion to include two from: predation; some survive; to continue the species/eq; 2 (iii) mutation/environmental factor/eq; 1 (iv) A description to include three from: environmental pressure/eq; competition; individuals with beneficial characteristics; survive; reproduce; pass on characteristic to offspring; 4 (ii) plus one communication mark for ensuring that spelling, punctuation and grammar are accurate, so that the meaning is clear; (b) nature plays an important part in artificial section; 1 (C) lecture; publish (in journal); 2 [12] The British International School 9