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Marine Chapter 3, Death by firey doom of eternal slow goo mushing. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What evidence did James Hutton use to discount a. layers that are separated. b. the mass per unit the biblical account of the Creation of Earth? of volume. c. the weight of a substance. d. the a. The erosion rates of streambeds b. The patterns speed at which a liquid moves. of rocks found in the countryside c. The 10. What was not an invention rendered by the Chinese distribution of sediments in rivers d. All of these to facilitate their ocean voyages? choices a. Chronometer b. Compass c. Central rudder 2. What caused Earth to partially melt when being system d. Watertight compartments formed? 11. How much lithosphere is submerged into the a. Accumulation of decaying radioactive elements asthenosphere? b. Impact of asteroids, comets, and debris a. 90% b. 30% c. 70% d. 10% c. Gravitational compression d. A combination of all of these choices 12. What keeps Earth's asthenosphere pliable? a. Insulation from the lithosphere b. Earth's 3. Who determined that S waves were unable to internal heat c. Chemical composition of the survive deep passage through the Earth's interior? asthenosphere d. The density of the a. Richard Oldham b. Francis Bacon c. Alfred asthenosphere Wegener d. Inge Lehmann 13. What process involves the radiation of internal heat 4. Who set out to explore worldwide wind and current to the surface? patterns for commercial and naval purposes? a. Radioactive decay b. Conduction a. Matthew Maury b. Tim Folger c. Benjamin c. Convection d. Combustion Franklin d. Charles Wilkes 14. If P and S waves were to travel at the same constant 5. What substance was able to show previous speeds, what could be inferred about the Earth's orientations of Earth's magnetic field? interior? a. Magnetite b. Magma c. Basalt a. The interior is homogenous. b. The interior is d. Magnesium liquid. c. The interior is density stratified. 6. What motivated Europeans to explore during the d. None of these choices Age of Discovery? 15. Since the Earth has density stratified layers, which a. Food sources b. Just to explore c. Possible layer would be the densest? commerce d. Empire expansion a. The crust b. The outer core c. The inner core 7. What characteristic is associated with convergent d. The mantle plate boundaries? 16. How much of the Earth's water is found in the a. Spreading zones b. Solidification of crust ocean? materials c. Violent geological activity d. New a. 97% b. 67% c. 71% d. 3% crust formation 17. What was the first evidence that suggested the 8. Why is biosynthesis unlikely to occur today as it Earth's crust might be broken into pieces? did in Earth's youth? a. Plotting of deep earthquakes in the Pacific Ring a. There is less available oxygen in the atmosphere of Fire b. Radiometric dating c. Radioactive b. Living organisms have altered oceanic and decay d. Echo soundings aboard the Meteor atmospheric conditions c. Ozone is less protective from the sun's influence d. All of these 18. What is the name given to Earth's cool, rigid outer choices are true layer based on physical properties? a. Lithosphere b. Troposphere c. Core 9. Density is defined as: d. Asthenosphere 19. What is an ophiolite a result of? a. Divergent plate boundaries b. Portions of continental crust squeezed and sheared onto the face of the continent c. Continent to continent convergent boundaries d. Parts of oceanic crust obducted onto the edges of continents 20. What hindered the acceptance of the continental drift theory? a. There was no evidence of tropical plants ever existing in currently cold areas. b. The general shape of the continents. c. The explanation of centrifugal effect as the driving force behind the continents moving. d. The discovery of similar fossils found on different continents. 21. What process intensified arguments about Earth's age because it would require long periods of time to occur? a. Biblical creation b. Uniformitarianism c. Catastrophism d. Natural Selection 22. What specifically describes the balance between the lithosphere floating atop the asthenosphere? a. Isostatic equilibrium b. Density stratification c. Buoyancy d. None of these choices 23. A(n) ____ is a test involving manipulations made on conditions of a particular observation. a. experiment b. hypothesis c. scientific method d. theory 24. A(n) ____ is a very large column of superheated mantle that originates at the boundary of the core and mantle. a. Volcano b. Plume c. Asthenosphere d. Ridge 25. What type of plate boundary would continental volcanoes like the Cascade Mountains in the western United States be associated with? a. Transform plate boundaries b. Convergent plate boundaries c. Divergent plate boundaries d. All of these choices 26. What is considered to be the densest type of crust? a. Basalt b. Continental crust c. Granite d. None of these choices 27. Who was responsible for the theory of continental drift? a. Sir Ernest Shackleton b. Alfred Wegener c. Antonio Snider-Pellegrini d. Francis Bacon 28. Since the formation of our ocean, Earth has made approximately ____ orbits around the galaxy. a. 280 b. 20 c. 42 d. 230 29. Paleomagnetic data has been used to: a. reconstruct continents b. measure spreading rates. c. calibrate the geological time scale. d. All of these choices has been determined by paleomagnetic data. 30. Who led a fleet of at least 317 during the dark ages? a. Christopher Columbus b. Admiral Zheng He c. Bjarni Herjulfsson d. Prince Henry 31. When two oceanic plates converge what determines which crust will submerge? a. The temperature of the crust b. The age of the crust c. The density of the crust d. All of these choices 32. What is not a factor that separates the asthenosphere and the lower mantle into two distinct layers? a. Pressure b. Chemical composition c. Density d. Temperature 33. Whose expedition was able to prove circumnavigation of the globe was possible? a. Matthew Murray b. Ferdinand Magellan c. Christopher Columbus d. Captain James Cook 34. What type of wave causes the most damage to property during an earthquake? a. Surface waves b. Secondary waves c. Body waves d. Primary waves 35. What prevents the subduction of terranes? a. The compression of continental crusts b. The low density c. The relative thin layer of crusts d. The proximity from plate boundaries 36. What process accounts for the layers found in Earth? a. Plate tectonics b. Accretion c. Density stratification d. None of these choices 37. What did Harry Hess and Robert Dietz suggest the cause of the continents moving was? a. Conduction b. Radioactive decay c. Convection currents d. None of these choices 38. Why do transform faults form? a. They form as results of secondary seismic waves. b. They form due to remnants of convergent boundaries. c. They form because the axis of seafloor spreading across the surface of the Earth cannot follow a straight line smoothly. d. They form due to lithospheric plate subduction zones. 39. Primary waves travel ____ as fast as secondary waves. a. three times b. half c. at the same speed d. twice 40. What allowed scientists to confirm their theories that the Earth's interior had layers? True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 43. Paleomagnetism was the confirmation needed to show historical plate movements. 44. The mantle is the largest layer in terms of mass and volume. 45. Earthquakes are generated by two types of low frequency waves. 46. The spreading ridges are almost devoid of free sediment especially compared to basins. 47. The rate of convergence and divergence is approximately the same worldwide. 48. Hot spots always occur at plate boundaries. 49. Transform plate boundaries are not involved in the creation or destruction of crust, rather the plates just move past one another. 50. The Earth's core only effects S wave behavior a. A large earthquake that occurred in Alaska b. A system of 800 seismic stations placed worldwide c. The correlation between intensity, frequency, and characteristics of waves d. All of these choices 41. Which Library of Alexandria librarian is responsible for the development of the longitude and latitude system? a. Claudius Ptolemy b. Hipparchus c. Hypatia d. Eratosthenes 42. The sustained heat within the Earth's interior is attributed to: a. Conduction b. Radioactive Decay c. Isostatic Equilibrium d. Convection