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Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies 600 BC – 600 AD Key Terms: Democracy, Polis, Monarchy, Aristocracy, Oligarchy, Hellenistic Culture, Julius Caesar, Nicene Creed, Pax Romana, Attila the Hun, Mauryan Empire, Gupta Empire, Han Dynasty, Mayans Concepts: Rise of Greek city states (Athens and Sparta), influence of Greek philosophers, organization of the Roman Republic, life in Rome Major Events: Persian Wars, Peloponnesian War, Alexander’s war with Persia, Punic Wars, Rise of Christianity, Fall of Rome, Rise of Han Dynasty, Growth of the Mayan civilization Periodization: Early civilizations of Europe and Asia Timeline: Period Two Notes Polis- Greek city-state Monarchy- kings or monarchs Aristocracy- government ruled by a small group of noble, land-owning families Oligarchy- government ruled by a few powerful people Democracy- rule by the people Athens: only free men count as citizens, slaves make up 1/3 of the population, builds limited democracy Sparta: militaristic city state, focus on training soldiers, ruled by an assembly and council Persian War: Greece vs. Persian Empire, four battles, ends in Greek victory Athenian Golden Age led by Pericles Peloponnesian War: Sparta vs. Athens, Sparta wins, Athens collapses Alexander vs. Persia: Macedonian general who conquers the Persian Empire, creates Hellenistic Culture in the aftermath Philosophers: Socrates- “examine yourselves,” sentenced to death for “corrupting the youth of Athens; Platowrote The Republic about a perfectly governed society, not a democracy; Aristotle- his work is the basis of the scientific method used today Roman Republic- government- consuls, senate, army Punic Wars- Rome vs. Carthage, 3 wars, ends with Rome gaining control of the Mediterranean Sea trade routes Julius Caesar- conquered Gaul, comes back to Rome and takes over, named dictator for life by the senate, is assassinated. Death ends the Roman Republic, leads to civil war and eventually the Roman Empire Pax Romana- Roman peace Life in Rome: education, religion, slaves Christianity- rises in eastern Roman Empire, monotheistic belief, heaven and hell. Christians persecuted by Rome, eventually become tolerated, and then becomes official religion of Rome Nicene Creed- basic beliefs of the church, written to end conflicts among believers Fall of Rome: invasions (Attila the Hun), famine, taxes, split of the empire, collapse of the Western half, leaves behind Greco-Roman civilization Han Dynasty- 202 BC- 220 AD, traded along silk roads, created a bureaucracy, create paper, wheel barrow, water wheel, expert shipbuilders Mauryan Empire- Unified northern India, helped the spread of Buddhism, tolerant of all religions Gupta Empire- Spreads Buddhism further, came up with the concept of zero and decimal system Valley of Mexico- south central Mexico, home of early Mesoamericans, founded city of Teotihuacan Mayans- Yucatan region of Mexico extending south into Central America. Farming methods and diet, government, culture, written history, slaves, calendar Practice CCOT Prompts: Analyze continuities and changes between Greek city-states in the period before Alexander the Great and the communities of the Hellenistic Period following Alexander’s death in 323 BC. Analyze continuities and changes between Greece and Rome between 500 BC and 500 AD in TWO of the following areas: - Religion Gender roles Military conquest Analyze continuities and changes in the societies and cultures of Mesoamerica from the Olmec through the Mayans. Practice Comparative Prompts: Analyze similarities and differences between slavery in Rome (both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire) and slavery in ONE of the following cultures: - Egypt under the pharaohs Greece in the age of Pericles Compare the Mayan civilization with Han China in TWO of the following areas: - Government Religion and art Culture