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CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY • CAIN • WASSERMAN • MINORSKY • REECE 22 The Origin of Species Questions prepared by Douglas Darnowski, Indiana University Southeast James Langeland, Kalamazoo College Murty S. Kambhampati, Southern University at New Orleans Roberta Batorsky, Temple University © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. SECOND EDITION Cynotilapia afra, introduced at West Thumbi Island in Lake Malawi in the 1960s, has split into two genetically distinct populations, located at the north and south ends of the island. How can scientists determine whether these populations are now different species, according to the biological species concept? A. See whether the two populations are morphologically different from each other: coloring, bone structure, and so on. B. Determine whether captured individuals from the two different populations will mate and produce offspring in a laboratory fish tank. C. Determine whether individuals from one population will interbreed with individuals from the other population when introduced into each other’s native habitats. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cynotilapia afra, introduced at West Thumbi Island in Lake Malawi in the 1960s, has split into two genetically distinct populations, located at the north and south ends of the island. How can scientists determine whether these populations are now different species, according to the biological species concept? A. See whether the two populations are morphologically different from each other: coloring, bone structure, and so on. B. Determine whether captured individuals from the two different populations will mate and produce offspring in a laboratory fish tank. C. Determine whether individuals from one population will interbreed with individuals from the other population when introduced into each other’s native habitats. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cichlids in Lake Victoria are thought to have diversified from a relatively few species to 600 species in about 12,000 years (the last time the lake dried up). What is the best way to test this hypothesis? A. Examine the fossil record in lake sediments. B. Look for morphological characteristics shared among Lake Victoria species that are distinct from the species present in other lakes. C. Look for genetic characteristics shared among Lake Victoria species that are distinct from species present in other lakes. D. This is not a testable hypothesis. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cichlids in Lake Victoria are thought to have diversified from a relatively few species to 600 species in about 12,000 years (the last time the lake dried up). What is the best way to test this hypothesis? A. Examine the fossil record in lake sediments. B. Look for morphological characteristics shared among Lake Victoria species that are distinct from the species present in other lakes. C. Look for genetic characteristics shared among Lake Victoria species that are distinct from species present in other lakes. D. This is not a testable hypothesis. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. In what type of environment is a scientist most likely to find examples of ongoing speciation? A. areas that have a large range of altitudes, such as mountains and deep valleys B. areas such as large plains that facilitate migration of animals C. extreme physical environments that are marginal for supporting life D. areas that are already species-rich E. areas that have undergone recent environmental disturbance or change © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. In what type of environment is a scientist most likely to find examples of ongoing speciation? A. areas that have a large range of altitudes, such as mountains and deep valleys B. areas such as large plains that facilitate migration of animals C. extreme physical environments that are marginal for supporting life D. areas that are already species-rich E. areas that have undergone recent environmental disturbance or change © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Sea urchins are broadcast spawners: They release their gametes into the water without courtship. Which of these reproductive isolation mechanisms is most likely affecting sea urchins? A. behavioral isolation or mechanical isolation B. gametic isolation or temporal isolation C. habitat isolation © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Sea urchins are broadcast spawners: They release their gametes into the water without courtship. Which of these reproductive isolation mechanisms is most likely affecting sea urchins? A. behavioral isolation or mechanical isolation B. gametic isolation or temporal isolation C. habitat isolation © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. You spot a sea snake while you are in a boat on the ocean and note how similar it looks to a snake that lives in central Illinois. However, you know that they are most likely separate species due to which of the following reproductive barriers? A. B. C. D. behavioral isolation gametic isolation ecological/habitat isolation temporal isolation © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. You spot a sea snake while you are in a boat on the ocean and note how similar it looks to a snake that lives in central Illinois. However, you know that they are most likely separate species due to which of the following reproductive barriers? A. B. C. D. behavioral isolation gametic isolation ecological/habitat isolation temporal isolation © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The century cactus flowers every 100 years. A similar cactus flowers every 50 years. If the 50-year-cactus pollen has the correct characteristics to fertilize the century cactus, which reproductive barrier will most likely be working against that possibility? A. B. C. D. behavioral isolation gametic isolation ecological/habitat isolation temporal isolation © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The century cactus flowers every 100 years. A similar cactus flowers every 50 years. If the 50-year-cactus pollen has the correct characteristics to fertilize the century cactus, which reproductive barrier will most likely be working against that possibility? A. B. C. D. behavioral isolation gametic isolation ecological/habitat isolation temporal isolation © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Several species of amphibians are able to read and understand each other’s mating rituals, tend to be fertile at the same time, and are usually similar in size. However, when they attempt to mate, they never produce offspring. Which of the following barriers is most likely the cause of this? A. B. C. D. behavioral isolation gametic isolation reduced hybrid fertility hybrid breakdown © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Several species of amphibians are able to read and understand each other’s mating rituals, tend to be fertile at the same time, and are usually similar in size. However, when they attempt to mate, they never produce offspring. Which of the following barriers is most likely the cause of this? A. B. C. D. behavioral isolation gametic isolation reduced hybrid fertility hybrid breakdown © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The fossil record shows that species remain constant for long periods of time, but then speciation episodes occur rapidly. This is indicative of A. B. C. D. gradualism. punctuated equilibrium. allopatric speciation. sympatric speciation. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The fossil record shows that species remain constant for long periods of time, but then speciation episodes occur rapidly. This is indicative of A. B. C. D. gradualism. punctuated equilibrium. allopatric speciation. sympatric speciation. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. When differentiating between two species of fish, you notice that one species stay near the surface and feed on floating algae, while the other species are bottom feeders. This is using the A. morphological species concept. B. ecological species concept. C. phylogenetic species concept. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. When differentiating between two species of fish, you notice that one species stay near the surface and feed on floating algae, while the other species are bottom feeders. This is using the A. morphological species concept. B. ecological species concept. C. phylogenetic species concept. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Why is speciation a conceptual “bridge” between microevolution and macroevolution? A. Speciation can be directly observed, whereas microevolution and macroevolution cannot. B. Speciation links population-level phenomena to patterns of evolution above the species level. C. Speciation leads to the tremendous diversity of life. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Why is speciation a conceptual “bridge” between microevolution and macroevolution? A. Speciation can be directly observed, whereas microevolution and macroevolution cannot. B. Speciation links population-level phenomena to patterns of evolution above the species level. C. Speciation leads to the tremendous diversity of life. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Which aspect of population genetics is fundamental to the biological species concept? A. B. C. D. mutation selection gene flow genetic drift © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Which aspect of population genetics is fundamental to the biological species concept? A. B. C. D. mutation selection gene flow genetic drift © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The most common means of identifying bacterial species is to use DNA sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Which species concept is implicit in this approach? A. B. C. D. biological species concept morphological species concept ecological species concept phylogenetic species concept © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The most common means of identifying bacterial species is to use DNA sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Which species concept is implicit in this approach? A. B. C. D. biological species concept morphological species concept ecological species concept phylogenetic species concept © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. In a long-term evolution experiment using Escherichia coli, Richard Lenski and colleagues discovered a new strain that can use citrate as an energy source, whereas wild-type E. coli cannot. Some have claimed that this strain could be considered a new species. Such a claim would be based on what species concept? A. B. C. D. biological species concept morphological species concept ecological species concept phylogenetic species concept © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. In a long-term evolution experiment using Escherichia coli, Richard Lenski and colleagues discovered a new strain that can use citrate as an energy source, whereas wild-type E. coli cannot. Some have claimed that this strain could be considered a new species. Such a claim would be based on what species concept? A. B. C. D. biological species concept morphological species concept ecological species concept phylogenetic species concept © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Enallagma ebrium and E. hageni are sister species of damselflies that occupy the same habitats. Males of each species will readily attempt to mate with the “wrong” females; however, incompatibility in secondary genital structures prevents interspecies hybridization. This is an example of what type of reproductive barrier? A. B. C. D. temporal isolation behavioral isolation mechanical isolation gametic isolation © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Enallagma ebrium and E. hageni are sister species of damselflies that occupy the same habitats. Males of each species will readily attempt to mate with the “wrong” females; however, incompatibility in secondary genital structures prevents interspecies hybridization. This is an example of what type of reproductive barrier? A. B. C. D. temporal isolation behavioral isolation mechanical isolation gametic isolation © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Ligers are the offspring of male lions and female tigers. Most ligers die in utero or shortly after birth. Those that do survive are often sterile. Occasionally, ligers can produce live offspring, but those offspring are of poor health. How would you describe these facts in terms of reproductive barriers? A. B. C. D. gametic isolation reduced hybrid viability reduced hybrid fertility hybrid breakdown © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Ligers are the offspring of male lions and female tigers. Most ligers die in utero or shortly after birth. Those that do survive are often sterile. Occasionally, ligers can produce live offspring, but those offspring are of poor health. How would you describe these facts in terms of reproductive barriers? A. B. C. D. gametic isolation reduced hybrid viability reduced hybrid fertility hybrid breakdown © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following phenomena could facilitate allopatric speciation? A. B. C. D. founder effect gene flow allopolyploidy hybrid zone © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following phenomena could facilitate allopatric speciation? A. B. C. D. founder effect gene flow allopolyploidy hybrid zone © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The marsh grass Spartina anglica is an allotetraploid species that originated in southern England around 1870. Its “parent” species are the European Spartina maritima, with a 2n = 60 karyotype, and the American Spartina alterniflora, with a 2n = 62 karyotype. How many chromosomes should Spartina anglica have? A. B. C. D. either 30 or 31 61 122 244 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The marsh grass Spartina anglica is an allotetraploid species that originated in southern England around 1870. Its “parent” species are the European Spartina maritima, with a 2n = 60 karyotype, and the American Spartina alterniflora, with a 2n = 62 karyotype. How many chromosomes should Spartina anglica have? A. B. C. D. either 30 or 31 61 122 244 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.