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Transcript
Early Greece 10-10-08 Geography Peninsula and several islands Covered in mountains Cities were isolated from each other and therefore were smaller Surrounding sea More nautical people The Mycenae Greeks Originally began as an Indo-European tribe that settled in Greece Was able to overtake the mainland Reached its high point between 14001200B.C. Mycenae Fortified site in Greece Thought to have begun the ancient culture of Greece Including: Religion, Warfare and History Warrior people The Mycenae people were great warriors Conquered many of the surrounding people Used military to expand their commercial network Trojan War Most famous attack of the Mycenae Greeks Made famous in the epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey by Homer Recent finds have found some historical basis for Trojan war Dorians Moved into Greece after the Mycenae Less advanced Trade collapsed No written record of the decline The Iliad The story of the Trojan war Paris, the Prince of Troy, Kidnaps Helen the wife of the Greek Kings The Greeks set sail to attack Troy and take Helen back Helen was considered the most beautiful woman in the world The Iliad The Greeks have a great warrior named Achilles, the main character of the Iliad Achilles had been made invincible by his mother Achilles, had vowed never to fight again But convinced to fight Achilles is angered and leads to disaster Greeks eventually win with Trojan Horse The Odyssey The story of the return home of soldiers from the Trojan War, led by Odysseus The story has many more supernatural moments Questions Do you think there was there a Trojan War? What does the book say (at the bottom of page 114)? What was it’s actual likely cause? In American culture do we have any legends or “myths”? Examples. Are some of these based on history? Why do you think that cultures create stories that are exaggerations? Greek City States 10-13-08 Polis This is Greek for city The Polis was the center of Greek life Because of isolation the Greek city-states were individual communities Polis refers to the city and the surrounding countryside Polis The main gathering place in the Polis was on a hill At the top of the hill was the acropolis This served as a fortified area of protection Also could have been a religious gathering site Life in City-States City states differed in area & population Shared common goals Every citizen had rights, but they also had responsibilities Some served in government, farmers, soldiers Every city-state had a sense of “nationalism” Colonies Some Greeks left home and established colonies Each colony became a new “polis” independent of the one that founded it Colonies led to an increase in trade Colonies Greeks settled all over Mediterranean Most notable of Greek colonies was Byzantium Government Greek city-states were run by “tyrants” These were people who took power by force Power was maintained by mercenary armies Eventually Greek tyrants lost their power over the people Athens Named after Greek goddess Athena Athena was the goddess of wisdom, the arts, war and industry Considered one of the greatest societies in history Birthplace of Democracy and Modern thought Sparta A military state When in need of land they would conquer instead of colonizing Lives of citizens were highly controlled Children learned military discipline, then enrolled in army Stayed in army until age of 60 “Come back with your shield, or on it” Foreigners not allowed no travel allowed either Discouraged study of philosophy and the arts Sparta Government Led by 2 kings that commanded the army Ephors – five men who were elected to educate the youth Council of elders, men over 60 who decided what issues would be voted on by the assembly Assembly – all male citizens over the age of 30 voted on issues Questions Would you have rather been a Spartan or and Athenian? Which Chinese philosophy is similar to Spartan beliefs? Which Chinese philosophy is similar to Athenian beliefs? Greek Culture in the Golden Age 10-14-08 Democracy After the fall of the tyrants many governments throughout Greece began to turn to rule by the people Example Athens: had a democratic system we would call direct democracy All men would have the right to vote on every issue (Athens) Some of the city-states still had a limited government by the few (Oligarchy) How Athenian and American Democracy are alike? Political power in hands of citizens Three branches of Government Legislative branch passes laws Executive branch carries out laws Judicial branch conducts trials with paid jurors How is Athenian Democracy Different from American Democracy? Athenian All Males over 18 vote born of citizen parents Laws voted on directly by citizens Leader chosen by “lot” elected American All citizens over 18 vote Representatives elected to propose and Elected President How is Athenian Democracy Different from American Democracy? Athenian Executive branch composed of 500 men Juries vary in size No attorneys; no appeals; trials take one day American Executive branch composed of appointed and elected officials Juries composed of 12 jurors Greek Theater Drama invented by the Greeks Greek theater contained colorful costumes and fancy sets Legendary Greek actor Thespis Two different kinds Comedy Tragedy Tragedies Plays about love, hate, war and betrayal Great writers – Aeschylus, Sophocles & Euripides Famous Greek Tragedies – Story of the Trojan War Oedipus Rex Antigone Oresteia Oedipus Rex Oedipus foretold to kill father and marry mother Family send him away Hears own fate, flees adopted family Ends up killing father on the road Marries mother Fate cannot be stopped Comedies Plays with slapstick and crude humor Satires – making fun of customs or politics Great writer – Aristophanes The Birds Lysistrata (anti-war) Greek Religion & Project 10-16-08 Religion Affected every aspect of Greek life 12 Chief gods and goddesses Lived on Mount Olympus – Highest Mountain in Greece Oracle Ways to communicate with gods Sacred shrine Gods could communicate through priests and priestesses Zeus - Katie The king of the gods, the ruler of Mount Olympus and the god of the sky and thunder. His symbols are the thunderbolt, eagle, bull, and oak. Hera – Lizzy Goddess of marriage, women and childbirth. Zeus' wife. Appears with peacock feathers often. Her symbols are the scepter, diadem, and peacock Aphrodite - Dorian Goddess of love, lust, beauty, wife of Hephaestus. Ares is her lover. Eros is her son. Known as the most beautiful of the Greek goddesses. Her symbols are the scepter, myrtle, and dove. Poseidon - Peter God of the sea. He created horses from sea foam. God of earthquakes as well. Also called 'Earth Shaker'. His symbols are horses, sea foam,dolphins,and a trident. Hades - Bri God of the underworld. Brother of Poseidon and Zeus, and consort to Persephone. His symbols are the bident, the Helm of Darkness, and the three-headed dog, Cerberus. Ares - Sid God of war, murder and bloodshed. Brother to Athena, and is the son of Zeus. His symbols are vultures, dogs, boars, and a spear. Hermes God of flight, thieves, commerce, and travellers. Messenger of the gods. He showed the way for the dead souls to Hades realm. He shows up in more myths than any other god or goddess. Likes to trick people and is very inventive. Hermes invented the lyre using a turtle shell and sinew. His symbols are the caduceus and winged boots. Apollo - Robbie God of music, prophecies, poetry, and archery. Also said to be the god of light and truth. Is associated with the sun. Also referred to as the most beautiful of the gods. He is Artemis's twin brother, and Son of Zeus. His symbols are the bow, lyre, and laurel. Artemis Goddess of the hunt and wild things, and also the moon. Protector of the dewy young. She became associated with the moon. Apollo is her twin brother. Artemis is a virgin goddess. Her symbols are the bow, dogs, and deer Athena - Katelyn Goddess of wisdom, warfare, handicrafts and reason. Sister of Ares, and is the daughter of Zeus. Sprung from Zeus's head in full body armor. She is the wisest of the gods. Her symbols are the aegis, owl, and olive tree. Hestia - Brittany Goddess of the hearth and home, the focal point of every household. Daughter of Rhea and Cronus. Gave up her seat as one of the Twelve Olympians to tend to the sacred flame on Mt. Olympus for Dionysus. Her symbol is the hearth. Hephaestus - Jake God of fire and the forge (god of fire and smiths) with very weak legs. He was thrown off Mt. Olympus as a baby by his mother. He makes armor for the gods and other heroes like Achilles. Son of Hera and Zeus is his father in some accounts. Married to Aphrodite, but she doesn't love him because he's deformed and as a result is cheating on him with Ares. He had a daughter named Pandora. His symbol is an axe and a flame Demeter - Maddy Goddess of fertility, grain and harvest. Demeter is a daughter of Cronus and Rhea and sister of Zeus. Her symbols are the sceptre, torch, and corn. Dionysus - Luis God of wine, parties/festivals, madness and merriment. He represents not only the intoxicating power of wine, but also its social and beneficial influences. His symbols are the grape vine, ivy, and thyrsos. Project You are an ancient Greek god. And you want to tell us your life story and how you affected the history of Ancient Greece. Today we will be picking a god for each of you and tomorrow we will be discussing the entire assignment. Philosophy 10-20-08 Greek Philosophy Philosophy Love of wisdom It is a organized system of thought Critical rational about the nature of the universe Basically… it is the study of the unknown 4 Great Philosophers Pythagoras Socrates Plato Aristotle Pythagoras Pythagorean theorem In a right-angled triangle the square of the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle), c, is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides a2+b2=c2 Pythagoras's followers were commonly called "Pythagoreans" Philosophical mathematicians Numbers constitute the true nature of things Pythagoras - School First concerned with morality Members were required to: Live ethically Love one another Share political beliefs Practice pacifism Devote themselves to the mathematics of nature Pythagoras - Beliefs Pythagoreans believed that a man's words were usually careless and misrepresented him and that when someone was "in doubt as to what he should say, he should always remain silent“ So they were required to remain silent unless they had something to say The Pythagorean society is associated with prohibitions such as not to step over a crossbar, and not to eat beans The Pythagoreans are known for their theory of the transmigration (a form or reincarnation) of souls, and also for their theory that numbers constitute the true nature of things Sophists Taught that improving mind was not essential Beyond human mind to understand the universe Must improve self Stressed the importance of rhetoric – art of persuasive speaking No absolute right or wrong True wisdom is to pursue ones own good Socrates An early critic of the Sophists from Athens Left no writings, everything we know about him comes from his pupils Taught many pupils, not paid Believed that absolutes did exist Goal of Education: Improve the individual Question So if Socrates believed in absolute standards and the Sophists believed that standards were in the eye of the beholder, which do you agree with? Why? How does this difference in value affect you? Which works better with a system of law? How are people held responsible for their actions in each? Socrates – The Socratic Method “The unexamined life is not worth living” It is a question and answer format of teaching Leads pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason Death of Socrates He was morally, intellectually, and politically at odds with his fellow Athenians Found guilty of corrupting the youth of Athens Sentenced to drink hemlock Death of Socrates Could have escaped but: He believed such a flight would indicate a fear of death, which he believed no true philosopher has If he fled his teaching would continue questioning all he met and undoubtedly incur their displeasure Having knowingly agreed to live under the city's laws he subjected himself to the possibility of being accused of crimes to do otherwise would have caused him to break his "social contract" with the state, and so harm the state, an act contrary to Socratic principle Plato Student of Socrates, wrote many of the dialogues of Socrates we have today Considered by many the greatest philosopher of western civilization Mathematician, writer, founder of the academy of Athens Plato on Ideal Forms The Theory of Forms typically refers to Plato's belief that the material world as it seems to us is not the real world There is an ideal of everything Things we see in this world only represent the essence of the ideal Reality can only be seen through the eye of the mind Allegory of the Cave Plato on Government Wrote The Republic Distrust of Democracy Good life is based on a good and rational state Develop own state three classes Philosopher Kings Warriors Everyone Else (men and women are equal) Aristotle Student of Plato Studied at the Academy for 20 years After Plato’s death he opened his own school, The Lyceum Did not accept the ideal of ideal forms Thought that examining objects themselves we find true nature Most famous student, Alexander of Macedonia Aristotle – Scientific method We must examine things to get to their true nature Natural philosophy – examining the natural world Aristotelian philosophy would consist of: Logic Theoretical Philosophy Metaphysics, Physics, Mathematics Practical Philosophy Poetical Philosophy Aristotle on Government Like Plato wanted efficient government However did not believe in an ideal Believed cities were like living things that cannot exist without others Looked to find best government by taking all the best parts of other governments 3 Good forms of Government Monarchy Aristocracy Constitutional Aristotle on Government Today in the Computer Lab I want you to use your research to write a 1 page first person narrative of your person, we will be going to the computer lab so you can get started on this. I would like these typed, and they are due on Thursday (50 points). Persian & Peloponnesian Wars & Alexander 10-22-08 Persia As Greek culture spreads come into contact with other cultures Greatest of these was Persian Empire – ruled by Darius 490B.C. Persians landed on plain of Marathon (26 miles from Athens) Athens won, a runner named Pheidppides ran with the news, the first Marathon Persian War New monarch Xerxes Vows revenge - will invade Greece Greeks needed to delay Persian Army Thermopylae (300) Greeks defeated Persians at Plataea Persian War After Victory Tensions between Athens and Sparta arise Costal and Island cities look for protection from Athens (Delian League) Inland cities join with Sparta Peloponnesian Wars Greece divided mainly between Athens and Sparta 431B.C. Great Peloponnesian war Athens will fight a defensive war – hiding in city walls A plague killed more than 1/3 of citizens in year 2 of the war Peloponnesian Wars War lasted another 25 years In 405 Athens fleet destroyed Next year Athens loses and city destroyed For many years Greece plagued with small wars between the cities Unaware of looming threat Macedonia Due to constant fighting the Greeks ignored the growing power of Macedonia in the north Eventually costs the Greeks their freedom Macedonia Greeks considered the Macedonians barbarians Eventually united by Philip II Builds the army up Fights the battle of Chaeronea where the Greeks are crushed Philip II Great admirer of Greek culture Wanted to unite Greece under Macedonia Overran all of Greece and forced a united Greek state – to fight Persia Alexander the Great Son of Philip Became king at 20 Alexander’s Education Philip trained him in art of war Also tutored by Leonidas (not of Sparta) Greatest teacher Aristotle Alexander’s Conquests Attacked the Persian empire Freed Greek cities in Asia Minor – defeated Persians Turned attention South Attacked Syria, Palestine and Egypt Founded city of Alexandria in Egypt Alexander’s Conquests Turns East – fights decisive battle against Persians and moves on to Babylon Took control of whole Persian Empire Alexander’s Conquests Moved East and North East as far as Pakistan Crossed the Indus River and entered India Returned home through the desert Many died of thirst Alexander He returned to Babylon Planning more military campaigns But he was exhausted, injured, sick and probably drunk He died at the age of 32 Empire Legacy Spread Greek culture throughout the Middle East and Asia Brought great wealth to Greece Brought about monarchies – killing democracy Brought Asian culture to Greece Why so successful? Great military leader – fantastic strategies A little crazy Imitate Achilles How “Great” was Alexander? Would you consider Alexander Great? Why? What make a leader great? Tomorrow We will look at Hellenistic culture And review for the test Friday Hellenistic Culture 10-23-08 Hellenistic It is the blending of many cultures Greek (Hellenic) Egyptian, Persian and Indian influences Alexandria (a center of Hellenistic culture) Alexandria - Egypt Koine A Greek derived language It allowed people communicate across cultures Trade In the markets people from all over converged Strategically placed in the center of the Mediterranean Alexandria Greatest attractions Lighthouse Streets filled with statues of Greek gods Museum – also an institute of advanced study Library Art galleries Zoo Botanical gardens Dining Hall Science Advances in science during the Hellenistic period – maybe the greatest advances in science until 1500’s Astronomy The Earth – Eratosthenes’ estimate of circumference 24,662 miles Actual 24,860 Science Astronomy cont’d Sun – Aristarchus’ envisioned the Sun was 300 x the size of the Earth not smaller than Greece Actually Sun is 1.3 million time the size He also said that other planets revolve around the Sun not Earth Ptolemy incorrectly pictured the universe with the Earth at the center The This set science back for over 1400 years Math and Physics Euclid Opened a school of Geometry in Alexandria Used his text, Elements, into the 1900’s Math and Physics Archimedes From Syracuse Accurately estimated pi Explained how a lever worked Archimedes screw Also figured out volume Philosophy In general believed the universe followed rational principles Became about how to live your lives and be happy Stoicism Epicureanism Stoicism Founded by Zeno Beliefs Believed in divine power Live a virtuous life Human desires are dangerous - control Social unity Bear what life offers Modern stoic means someone who is impervious to pain or emotion Epicureanism Founded by Epicurus Teachings World is made up of atoms Ruled by gods that have no interest in humans Only things that are real are what we can perceive with senses Main goal is to achieve harmony of body and mind Free to follow self interest Separate selves from society Modern interpretation is someone who is a connoisseur of the arts and sensual pleasures Art Realistic sculpture Moved away from idealized forms Realism and Emotional