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The Renaissance Desiderius Erasmus Aldus Manutius Cicero Plato Virgil Pico della Mirandola Chapter 1 – A New Dawn • Patron – a wealthy person who supports an artist • Humanities – history, languages, and literature Renaissance • “Rebirth” • Great achievements in literature, philosophy, education, architecture, sculpture, and painting • Began in Italy, 1350 – 1550 • Began with rediscovery of old manuscripts Important People • • • • • • • • • Shakespeare Pico Erasmus Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Machiavelli Raphael Botticelli Brunelleschi Why Italy? • 1. Center of the ancient Roman empire • 2. central location for business and trading – Peninsula in Mediterranean Sea – Perfect place for trading • 3. No central government - divided into city-states 4. New merchant class - merchants became wealthy from the trade business; became patrons of the arts 5. Members of merchant class gave sons an education - created jobs for humanists as tutors or teachers; spread the love of humanities Important Invention • Printing press; made in Germany around 1450 by Johannes Gutenberg • Allowed numerous copies of the same written work to be produced quickly and cheaply Chapter 2 – From Artisan to Artist • Mason – a person who builds or works with brick or stone • Apothecary – a druggist or pharmacist Change of Status • During Renaissance, status of artists changed dramatically • Artists became more respected; before were put in class with bakers and bricklayers • Patrons paid for artist to create art only for their family • Renaissance was a self-conscious age – Artists and patrons interested in themselves, social standing, and own personality Portrait Painting • Emphasis on realism (realistic detail) – Exact appearance of people, distinct facial expressions, dramatic Natural World • Brunelleschi rediscovered perspective – technique that allows artists to show objects as they appear at various distances from the viewer, with distant objects shown smaller and nearby objects larger Chapter 3 The Cradle of the Renaissance Florence • Located on flatland alongside the River Arno, which gave access to the Mediterranean Sea • Accessible through a number of mountain passes • During Renaissance, larger, richer, and more politically stable than other city-states • Powerful merchant class • Best known in history for its painters, sculptors, architects, and scholars • Became intellectual center where political and artistic ideas could grow and flourish Wool and Banking • Florence’s wealth was dependent on wool and banking • Considered itself a republic, power was in the hands of the ruling class of citizens, merchant class Powerful Family • Banking made some merchants as rich and powerful as the nobility • Bankers and merchants became patrons of the arts • Most powerful family, Medici – Wool merchants who also had a banking business; branches in Italian cities and other European cities – Moneylenders to the pope, the Christian leader in Europe – Cosimo and grandson, Lorenzo, most famous and both were patrons of the arts Cosimo Lorenzo • Asked by Cosimo, Brunelleschi’s most important work was cathedral in Florence, Duomo Chapter 4 Rome and the Renaissance Popes • Fresco – a painting made on fresh, moist plaster with color pigments dissolved in water • Basilica – a Christian church building, often in the shape of a cross Vatican City, Italy St. Peter’s Basilica The Pope • Pope’s responsibility to lead the Christian Church • Managed the largest organization in Europe – the Roman Catholic Church • Ruled the 2nd largest kingdom in Italy, Vatican was the center (Rome) • Pope Nicholas V credited for bringing Renaissance thinking to Rome St. Peter’s Basilica • Building began 1506, finished 1626 • One of the most beautiful and remarkable buildings in the world • Michelangelo and Raphael contributed • To fund the construction, Leo X, Lorenzo’s son, promised spiritual benefits which led to the Protestant Reformation Chapter 5 Venice: Jewel of the Adriatic Vocabulary • a shallow body of water, especially one separated from a larger body of water by a sandbar or reef – lagoon Glittering City • Venice built on 117 small islands • 150 canals connected by more than 400 bridges • Buildings rested on pillars driven into mud • Safe from attack • Built wealth on trade • Goal – carry out trading without interference, not gaining territories • Industries: glass, textiles, jewelry • Defended by strong navy; building ships largest industry of time Republican Government • City-state • Head of government – doge Latin word for “leader”; chosen for life by Greater Council • Real power in hands of Council • Venice relied on displaced scholars, most from Constantinople Decline of Venice • Turks challenged trade in Mediterranean Sea • Newly discovered sea routes would turn trade away from Mediterranean Sea • Would lose trade dominance Chapter 6 Leonardo da Vinci Vocabulary • Someone who agreed to live with and work for another for a specified period, in return for instruction in a trade or craft – Apprentice Prior the person, or officer, in charge of a priory or monastery da Vinci • 1452 – 1519, died at the age of 67 • “jack-of-all-trades” – sculptor, painter, designer, and scientist • Spent time as an apprentice for 5 years before opening own workshop Master of Trades • Sent resume to Duke of Milan • spent 3 years painting The Last Supper on the dining room wall of a monastery • Designs: device to study solar eclipse parachute model city musical instruments mathematical drawings Beyond Milan • Mona Lisa, most famous painting – wife of wealthy Florentine citizen – Use of light and shade – Attention to detail – Invented landscape – “What was she thinking?” • Renaissance Man – one who is highly skilled and has broad interests in many or all of the arts and sciences Chapter 7 Michelangelo Staring at the Ceiling • 1475-1564, died at the age of 89 • Thought of himself as sculptor, but was a talented painter • Spent 1 year as apprentice learning to mix paints, create frescoes, and draw with precision • Studied Medicis’ collection of Greek and Roman statues To Rome • Created 1st major work in Rome, Pieta, statue of Mary holding and nurturing dead son, Jesus • Awe-inspiring statue of David, who killed giant Goliath Sistine Chapel • Appointed by Pope Julius II to paint ceiling • Took 4 years, 300 figures, some 18 feet high, 118 feet long and 46 feet wide • Scenes from Old Testament • Most famous work The Path to the Sistine Chapel Last Project • Last Judgment painted on Sistine Chapel wall • Work of great power; Jesus cursing the sinners and welcoming the blessed, brown and orange colors, expressions and movements, gloomy feeling Chapter 8 Two “How-To” Men Vocabulary • Incapable of error; certain – infallible Baldassare Castiglione • Author of The Courtier – meant to define the role of a gentleman • He served as a soldier and diplomat for Duke Urbino • The book was a series of conversations on what made men & women proper gentlemen & ladies Niccolo Machiavelli • Diplomat of Florence government • Interested in how rulers gained and kept power • He wrote The Prince that is considered the 1st book of modern political science • He advised princes to be powerful, but willing to break rules Chapter 9 The Renaissance in Northern Europe Vocabulary • Chateau – A French castle, or large country house Spread of Ideas • Translation of the printed word one way Renaissance ideas and values spread • Italian artists traveling to other countries • Visitors to Renaissance Italy took home the respect • Invading armies were influenced • Factors that made Italy the center of the Renaissance: – 1. closeness of Roman ruins – 2. geography and economic condition of citystates – 3. rise of merchants and patrons – 4. reform of education Northern and Western Europe • • • • Developed well organized central governments Center of trade shifted to Atlantic Ocean Royal courts supported young artists New, wealthy merchant class became patrons of art and learning Renaissance in England • Reached height in late 16th and early 17th centuries • Writers more than artists • William Shakespeare – Used pen and paper to capture personality – He was a Renaissance man because he wrote comedies, tragedies, histories, romances, and poems Renaissance Spain • Miguel de Cervantes writer of Don Quixote • Don Quixote is a hero with a noble heart, but does foolish things as he tries to imitate the brave knights he has read about Renaissance • Began in Italy – Enthusiasm for the classical past as a source of inspiration – An interest in portraying the natural world – A fascination with the individual – An appreciation for artists and their work