Download The Renaissance

The Renaissance
Desiderius Erasmus
Aldus Manutius
Cicero
Plato
Virgil
Pico della Mirandola
Chapter 1 – A New Dawn
• Patron – a wealthy person who supports
an artist
• Humanities – history, languages, and
literature
Renaissance
• “Rebirth”
• Great achievements in literature,
philosophy, education, architecture,
sculpture, and painting
• Began in Italy, 1350 – 1550
• Began with rediscovery of old manuscripts
Important People
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Shakespeare
Pico
Erasmus
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo
Machiavelli
Raphael
Botticelli
Brunelleschi
Why Italy?
• 1. Center of the ancient Roman empire
• 2. central location for business and trading
– Peninsula in Mediterranean Sea
– Perfect place for trading
• 3. No central government
- divided into city-states
4. New merchant class
- merchants became wealthy from the trade
business; became patrons of the arts
5. Members of merchant class gave sons an
education
- created jobs for humanists as tutors or
teachers; spread the love of humanities
Important Invention
• Printing press; made in Germany around
1450 by Johannes Gutenberg
• Allowed numerous copies of the same
written work to be produced quickly and
cheaply
Chapter 2 – From Artisan to Artist
• Mason – a person who builds or works
with brick or stone
• Apothecary – a druggist or pharmacist
Change of Status
• During Renaissance, status of artists
changed dramatically
• Artists became more respected; before
were put in class with bakers and
bricklayers
• Patrons paid for artist to create art only for
their family
• Renaissance was a self-conscious age
– Artists and patrons interested in themselves,
social standing, and own personality
Portrait Painting
• Emphasis on realism (realistic detail)
– Exact appearance of people, distinct facial
expressions, dramatic
Natural World
• Brunelleschi rediscovered perspective
– technique that allows artists to show objects
as they appear at various distances from the
viewer, with distant objects shown smaller
and nearby objects larger
Chapter 3
The Cradle of the Renaissance
Florence
• Located on flatland alongside the River Arno,
which gave access to the Mediterranean Sea
• Accessible through a number of mountain
passes
• During Renaissance, larger, richer, and more
politically stable than other city-states
• Powerful merchant class
• Best known in history for its painters,
sculptors, architects, and scholars
• Became intellectual center where political
and artistic ideas could grow and flourish
Wool and Banking
• Florence’s wealth was dependent on wool
and banking
• Considered itself a republic, power was in
the hands of the ruling class of citizens,
merchant class
Powerful Family
• Banking made some merchants as rich
and powerful as the nobility
• Bankers and merchants became patrons
of the arts
• Most powerful family, Medici
– Wool merchants who also had a banking
business; branches in Italian cities and other
European cities
– Moneylenders to the pope, the Christian
leader in Europe
– Cosimo and grandson, Lorenzo, most famous
and both were patrons of the arts
Cosimo
Lorenzo
• Asked by Cosimo, Brunelleschi’s most
important work was cathedral in Florence,
Duomo
Chapter 4
Rome and the Renaissance
Popes
• Fresco – a painting made on fresh, moist
plaster with color pigments dissolved in
water
• Basilica – a Christian church building,
often in the shape of a cross
Vatican City, Italy
St. Peter’s Basilica
The Pope
• Pope’s responsibility to lead the Christian
Church
• Managed the largest organization in
Europe – the Roman Catholic Church
• Ruled the 2nd largest kingdom in Italy,
Vatican was the center (Rome)
• Pope Nicholas V credited for bringing
Renaissance thinking to Rome
St. Peter’s Basilica
• Building began 1506, finished 1626
• One of the most beautiful and remarkable
buildings in the world
• Michelangelo and Raphael contributed
• To fund the construction, Leo X,
Lorenzo’s son, promised spiritual benefits
which led to the Protestant Reformation
Chapter 5
Venice: Jewel of the
Adriatic
Vocabulary
• a shallow body of water, especially one
separated from a larger body of water by a
sandbar or reef
– lagoon
Glittering City
• Venice built on 117 small islands
• 150 canals connected by more than 400
bridges
• Buildings rested on pillars driven into mud
• Safe from attack
• Built wealth on trade
• Goal – carry out trading without
interference, not gaining territories
• Industries: glass, textiles, jewelry
• Defended by strong navy; building ships
largest industry of time
Republican Government
• City-state
• Head of government – doge Latin word for
“leader”; chosen for life by Greater
Council
• Real power in hands of Council
• Venice relied on displaced scholars, most
from Constantinople
Decline of Venice
• Turks challenged trade in Mediterranean
Sea
• Newly discovered sea routes would turn
trade away from Mediterranean Sea
• Would lose trade dominance
Chapter 6
Leonardo da Vinci
Vocabulary
• Someone who agreed to live with and
work for another for a specified period, in
return for instruction in a trade or craft
– Apprentice
Prior
the person, or officer, in charge of a priory or
monastery
da Vinci
• 1452 – 1519, died at the age of 67
• “jack-of-all-trades” – sculptor,
painter, designer, and scientist
• Spent time as an apprentice
for 5 years before opening
own workshop
Master of Trades
• Sent resume to Duke of Milan
• spent 3 years painting The Last Supper on
the dining room wall of a monastery
• Designs:
device to study solar eclipse
parachute
model city
musical instruments
mathematical drawings
Beyond Milan
• Mona Lisa, most famous painting
– wife of wealthy Florentine citizen
– Use of light and shade
– Attention to detail
– Invented landscape
– “What was she thinking?”
• Renaissance Man – one who is highly
skilled and has broad interests in many or
all of the arts and sciences
Chapter 7
Michelangelo
Staring at the Ceiling
• 1475-1564, died at the age of 89
• Thought of himself as sculptor, but was a
talented painter
• Spent 1 year as apprentice learning to mix
paints, create frescoes, and draw with
precision
• Studied Medicis’ collection of Greek and
Roman statues
To Rome
• Created 1st major work in Rome, Pieta,
statue of Mary holding and nurturing dead
son, Jesus
• Awe-inspiring statue of David, who killed
giant Goliath
Sistine Chapel
• Appointed by Pope Julius II to paint ceiling
• Took 4 years, 300 figures, some 18 feet
high, 118 feet long and 46 feet wide
• Scenes from Old Testament
• Most famous work
The Path to the Sistine Chapel
Last Project
• Last Judgment painted on Sistine Chapel
wall
• Work of great power; Jesus cursing the
sinners and welcoming the blessed, brown
and orange colors, expressions and
movements, gloomy feeling
Chapter 8
Two “How-To” Men
Vocabulary
• Incapable of error; certain
– infallible
Baldassare Castiglione
• Author of The Courtier – meant to define
the role of a gentleman
• He served as a soldier and diplomat for
Duke Urbino
• The book was a series of conversations on
what made men & women proper
gentlemen & ladies
Niccolo Machiavelli
• Diplomat of Florence government
• Interested in how rulers gained and kept
power
• He wrote The Prince that is considered the
1st book of modern political science
• He advised princes to be powerful, but
willing to break rules
Chapter 9
The Renaissance in
Northern Europe
Vocabulary
• Chateau
– A French castle, or large country house
Spread of Ideas
• Translation of the printed word one way
Renaissance ideas and values spread
• Italian artists traveling to other countries
• Visitors to Renaissance Italy took home
the respect
• Invading armies were influenced
• Factors that made Italy the center of the
Renaissance:
– 1. closeness of Roman ruins
– 2. geography and economic condition of citystates
– 3. rise of merchants and patrons
– 4. reform of education
Northern and Western Europe
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Developed well organized central governments
Center of trade shifted to Atlantic Ocean
Royal courts supported young artists
New, wealthy merchant class became patrons of
art and learning
Renaissance in England
• Reached height in late 16th and early 17th
centuries
• Writers more than artists
• William Shakespeare
– Used pen and paper to capture personality
– He was a Renaissance man because he
wrote comedies, tragedies, histories,
romances, and poems
Renaissance Spain
• Miguel de Cervantes writer of Don Quixote
• Don Quixote is a hero with a noble heart,
but does foolish things as he tries to
imitate the brave knights he has read
about
Renaissance
• Began in Italy
– Enthusiasm for the classical past as a source
of inspiration
– An interest in portraying the natural world
– A fascination with the individual
– An appreciation for artists and their work