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VOCABAULARY LIST CHAPTER 8 - ZOOLOGY MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS Directions: READ Chapter 8 in textbook. Then copy all the following terms and definitions into your notebook. DO NOT take this list home and DO NOT photocopy it! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Anaphase – a phase of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosome separate Asexual reproduction – reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent Autosome – any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome Binary fission – a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size Cell plate – the precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides a cell into two Chromatid – one of the two strands of a chromosome that becomes visible during meiosis or mitosis Chromatin – the material that makes up both mitotic and interphase chromosomes Chromosomes – in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein Crossing-over – the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis Cytokinesis – the division of the cytoplasm of a cell Diploid – a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes Gamete – a haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote Genetic recombination – the regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents Haploid – describes a cell, nucleus, or organisms that has only one set of unpaired chromosomes Histone – a type of protein molecule found in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells Homologous chromosome – chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis Independent assortment –the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes Karyotype – a micrograph of the array of chromosomes visible in a cell during metaphase 19. Meiosis – a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two division of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells 20. Metaphase – one of the stages of mitosis and meiosis, during which all of the chromosomes move to the cell’s equator 21. Mitosis – in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes 22. Oogenesis – the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum 23. Polar body – a short-lived product of the formation of gametes by meiosis 24. Prophase – the first stage of mitosis and meiosis in cell division, characterized by the condensation of the chromosomes and the dissolution of the nuclear envelope 25. Sex chromosome – one of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual 26. Sexual reproduction – reproduction in which gametes from two parents unite 27. Spermatogenesis – the process by which males gametes form 28. Spindle fiber – one of the mircotubules that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell that assists in the movement in chromosomes 29. Synapsis – the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis 30. Telophase – the final stage of mitosis or meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes 31. Tetrad –the four chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes that come together as a result of synapsis during meiosis