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Name Class Date Skills Worksheet Directed Reading B : Chapter 10.2 Section: How Does Evolution Happen? 1. List three things that scientists learned about Earth beginning in the 1800s. Beginning in the 1800's, scientists learned that Earth is much older than previously thought, that gradual processes have changed Earth's surface, and that Earth had a fossil record. CHARLES DARWIN A 2. What did Darwin do in order to study plants and animals? ______ a. He took a trip around the world. b. He studied theology. c. He formed theories. d. He became a doctor. B 3. What did Darwin do during his travels? ______ a. He wrote a book about his theory. b. He observed plants and animals. c. He took photos of plants and animals. d. He visited all the continents. 4. Darwin noticed that the plants and animals on the Galapagos Islands were similar to, but not the same as, those in Ecuador. 5. What was one way that finches on different islands differed from each other? The finches on different islands had different beaks. 6. What was the beak of each finch adapted to? obtaining food The beaks were adapted to obtaiing food. DARWIN’S THINKING D 7. What puzzled Darwin about the Galápagos finches? ______ a. They were so different. b. They should not have been there. c. They were too similar. d. They were similar but had unique adaptations. C 8. A characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring through ______ genes is a(n) a. species. c. trait. b. breeding. d. adaptation. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt California Life Science 17 The Evolution of Living Things Name Class Date Directed Reading B continued 9. What hypothesis did Darwin develop about the Galápagos finches? Darwin believed that the finches on the islands were descendents of South American finches that were blown to the islands by a storm. Over many generations, he believed that the finches had adapted to life on the particular island. Match the correct description with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided. C ______ 10. the idea that human populations can grow faster than the food supply A ______ 11. the idea that Earth had formed naturally over a long period of time a. Lyell’s theory b. selective breeding c. Malthus’s principle B ______ 12. the practice of breeding plants and animals to have desired traits 13. Why do farmers and breeders use selective breeding? Farmers use selective breeding to produce plants or animals with desired traits. 14. Why might selective breeding be used in horses? Humans might selectively breed horses to produce stronger or faster horses. 15. Why might selective breeding be used in fruit trees? Farmers use selective breeding in fruit trees to produce larger or better tasting fruit. 16. After reading Malthus’s theory, Darwin realized that any species can produce many offspring . 17. The populations of all species are limited by starvation, disease, predation, or competition. 18. Darwin reasoned that survivors had traits that helped them survive in their environment. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt California Life Science 18 The Evolution of Living Things Name Class Date Directed Reading B continued 19. Darwin believed that offspring of these survivors inherit the traits that help them survive. 20. What idea of Darwin’s about species was supported by Charles Lyell’s book? Lyell's book supported Darwin's belief that Earth was old enough to have allowed organisms to slowly change over time. DARWIN’S THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION 21. What was the name of Darwin’s famous book? "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection". 22. What theory did Darwin introduce in the book? Darwin's book introduced the theory of natural selection. 23. What is natural selection? Natural selection is the mechanism by which evoultion happens. It is the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive, and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals Match the correct description with the correct step in natural selection. Write the letter in the space provided. C ______ 24. Many more offspring are produced than will survive. A B 26. Many offspring will be killed before ______ ______ 25. No two offspring are alike. a. inherited variation b. struggle to survive c. overproduction d. successful reproduction reproducing. D ______ 27. The best adapted organisms will have many offspring that survive. 28. List two things that Darwin did not know in relation to his theory. At the time Darwin developed his theory he did not know how organisms inherit traits or how the great variation among organisms happens. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt California Life Science 19 The Evolution of Living Things Name Class Date Directed Reading B continued 29. What do scientists today know about how variation happens? Today, scientists know that variation in organisms happens as a result of the exchange of genetic information as it is passed from parent to offspring. 30. Some genes make an organism more likely to survive to reproduce. 31. When organisms carry genes that make them more likely to survive to reproduce than organisms that do not carry these genes, the process called selection occurs. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Holt California Life Science 20 The Evolution of Living Things