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The Roman Empire -Key Concepts- I. The First Emperor: Augustus Caesar • • • • His Dilemma The Solution His Rise to Power The Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Lepidus, Marc Antony • Victory over Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium (31 BCE) II. The Creation of the Principate • “Restoration” of the Republic • “Augustus” • “Princeps” • “Imperator” • Maintaining the façade of the Republic II. The Creation of the Principate (cont) • “Father of the Country” (2 BCE) • Supported by the Roman Legions -- “Praetorians” • Some partnership with the Senate II. Creation of the Principate (cont) • Caesar and provincial administration • The cult of Roma et Augustus • “Pontifex Maximus” • The role of his wife, Livia II. Creation of the Principate (cont) • Augustus’ campaigns on the frontier --Varus and the Battle of Teutoburger Forest (9 AD) • Begins practice of adopting successor as a son: Tiberius (step-son) III. General Characteristics of Later Roman Emperors • Most emperors were competent, not corrupt --Nero, Caligula and Domitian • Reduction of the power of the Senate • The “spectacle” of Emperor Caligula III. General Characteristics of Later Roman Emperors (cont) • The “spectacle” of Nero • Emperor did not have to be Italian • Vespasian and the Flavians • Pattern of defensive military strategy • Keeping the peace within the Empire III. General Characteristics of Later Roman Emperors (cont) • Taxation within the Empire • The “Five Good Emperors”: The Antonines --Marcus Aurelius --Commodus --Severus • The Roman Legions as a garrison force IV. The Pax Romana: Signs of Unity • • • • • • • • • Peace Trade Network Roman Roads Imperial Bureaucracy Emperor Worship Luke 1 Census Spread of GrecoRoman Culture Roman citizenship “Acta”: Newsheets V. Life in the City of Rome • Peace outside; poverty and crowding inside • Living in insulae • Public baths • Sanitation problems V. Life in the City of Rome (cont) • Engineering problems for Insulae • Problems of Fire and Crime • “Bread and Circuses” --Free grain --chariot races --Circus Maximus V. Life in the City of Rome (cont) • Gladiatorial contests -- “Ave, Caesar, morituri te salutant” --editor --retiarius --secutor • Other ludi • Arches built throughout the city V. Life in the City of Rome (cont) • Treatment of Women and Slaves • Roman realism versus Greek idealism • Romans emphasized the interior of their buildings while the Greeks emphasized the exterior of their buildings VI. Communicating the Emperor’s Image • Coins as political advertising • Buildings communicate the majesty and deity of the Emperor • Idealized sculptures of Augustus Caesar • Decline in imperial rivals VII. Celebrated Ideals in Imperial Literature • Golden Age of Latin Literature: 100 BCE-14 AD • Virgil’s Aeneid— testimony to Roman greatness • Livy’s History of Rome • Elegant, humanistic and worldly in both content and style VIII. Roman Medicine • The major issue of fertility • Roman contraceptives • Similar to Hellenistic therapies • Not much respect for doctors • Most famous court physician: Galen (129-199 AD) IX. Life as a Roman Legionnaire • Organization and Terms of Service --Centurion • Payment and the origins of the word “salary” --900 sesterces pay per year • Additional units of non-citizens • The fitness of Roman soldiers IX. Life as a Roman Legionnaire (cont) • The importance of the Roman roads • Warfare with Germanic tribesmen • Germanic warriors as auxiliary forces • Marcus Aurelius and the settlement of Germanic people in Roman territory --The Meditations