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More Stoichiometry: Mass-Mass, Volume-Volume, and Mixed Problems It’s time to practice what you have already learned about moles, chemical reactions and dimensional analysis. We will learn one new conversion factor and then combine it with other concepts. Molar Volume is the volume of one mole of gas. Since the space between molecules in a gas is very great compared to the actual size of the molecules, differences in molecular size do not make an appreciable difference in the total space occupied. As a result of observations of the behavior of gases, Avogadro developed a hypothesis that states: At the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of ALL gases contain the same number of molecules. Experiments show that the volume occupied by one mole of any gas at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure of 0ºC and 1 atm) is 22.4 L. Remember A balanced chemical equation is ALWAYS the first step. this 1 mole of any gas has a volume of 22.4 L at STP 1 mole of any substance equals the formula mass in grams You must show all work as directed INCLUDING UNITS when doing dimentional analysis ( .aG ) Given quantity Mass of G X X .bW ) Wanted quantity 1 mol G --------Gfm G Gfm --------1 mol W x Volume of G (liters) At STP ( 1 mol G --------22.4 L G B mol W -------A mol G Mass of W x 22.4 L W -------- Volume of W (liters) 1 mol W At STP G = given quantity of a reactant or product W = wanted quantity of a reactant or product A = number of moles of G in the balanced chemical equation B = number of moles of W in the balanced chemical equation EXAMPLE 1 (Mass-Mass): How many grams of copper (II) oxide are formed in the decomposition of 6.59 g of copper (II) hydroxide? Cu(OH)2 CuO + H2O EXAMPLE 2 (Mass-Mass): If excess sulfuric acid reacts with the 30.0 g of sodium chloride, how many grams of sodium sulfate are produced? H2SO4 + 2NaCl 2HCl + Na2SO4 EXAMPLE 3 (Volume-Volume): What volume of oxygen is used to convert 75.0 L of SO 2 to SO3? Assume STP. 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 EXAMPLE 4 (Volume-Volume): In the reaction given below, what volume of oxygen is used when 85.0 L of ammonia (NH3) reacts? Assume STP. 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O EXAMPLE 5 (Mixed) How many liters of hydrogen gas are produced if 15.9 g of hydrochloric acid reacts with excess zinc metal? Assume STP. Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 EXAMPLE 6 (Mixed): What mass of aluminum is required to produce 14.5 L of hydrogen gas in a reaction with sulfuric acid? Assume STP. 2Al + 3H2SO4 3H2 + Al2(SO4)3 More Stoichiometry Homework #1 Solve the following, showing all work as directed INCLUDING UNITS! You may assume all gases are measured at STP. 1. How many grams of potassium chloride are produced if 25.0 g of potassium chlorate decompose? 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 2. What volume of ammonia at STP is produced if 30.0 g of nitrogen is reacted with an excess of hydrogen? N2 + 3H2 2NH3 3. What volume of carbon dioxide gas is released when 5.00 L of ethanol, C2H5OH, is burned? C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O 4. What volume of chlorine is produced when 45.0 g of aluminum chloride is decomposed? 2AlCl3 2Al + 3Cl2 5. What volume of nitrogen is produced when 18.5 liters of hydrogen reacts with nitrogen monoxide? 2H2 + 2NO 2H2O + N2 6. What mass of potassium sulfate is required to react with 35.0 g of aluminum bromide? 2AlBr3 + 3K2SO4 6KBr + Al2(SO4)3 7. If 20.0 liters of oxygen are consumed in the reaction below, how many liters of water vapor are produced? C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O 8. What volume of hydrogen at STP is produced when 2.50 g of zinc reacts with an excess of hydrochloric acid? Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 9. What mass of iron must be used to produce 125 g of iron (III) oxide? 4Fe + 3 O2 2Fe2O3 10. What mass of copper metal will be produced when 45.0 L of ammonia gas reacts with copper (II) oxide? 3CuO + 2NH3 3Cu + 3H2O + N2 More Stoichiometry Homework #2 Solve each of the following problems on your own paper. SHOW ALL WORK!!! If the reaction has not been provided, then make sure you write the balanced equation before beginning the problem. 1. How many moles of NO2 are produced by the reaction of 0.772 moles N 2 with O2? 2. How many grams of Na2SO4 can be produced by the reaction of 250 g of NaOH with sufficient H 2SO4? 3. How many moles of H2O will react with 1.75 moles PCl3 to form HCl and H3PO3? 4. How many moles of FeCl3 will be produced by the reaction of 3.00 mole HCl. Use the equation below. KMnO4 + 5FeCl2 + 8HCI MnCl2 + 5FeCl3 + 4H2O + KCl 5. How many grams of barium hydroxide will be used up in the reaction with hydrochloric acid to produce 45.0 g of barium chloride plus some water? 6. Sulfur trioxide reacts violently with water to produce sulfuric acid. How many grams of sulfur trioxide are necessary to produce 3.21 kg of sulfuric acid? 7. Determine the number of grams of chloric acid that will just reaction with 30.0 g of calcium carbonate to produce carbon dioxide, water, and calcium chlorate. 8. Nitrogen trichloride reacts with water to produce ammonia (NH 3) and hypochlorous acid (HClO). Calculate the number of grams of ammonia that can be produced from 20.0 g of nitrogen trichloride. 9. Determine the number of grams of lithium oxide necessary to prepare 53.0 g of lithium hydroxide by addition of excess water. 10. How many grams of barium hydroxide will it take to exactly react with 80.0 g of phosphoric acid to produce barium phosphate and water? 11. How much silver chloride can be produced in the double replacement reaction between 50.0 g barium chloride and silver nitrate? 12. What mass of zinc chloride can be prepared by treating 123g of hydrochloric acid in water solution with excess zinc? The other product is hydrogen gas. 13. What mass (in kg) of aluminum oxide are needed to prepare 5000 g of Al in the reaction below? Al2O3 + 3C 2Al + 3CO 14. How many grams of sodium chloride can be produced from 40.0 g of chlorine and excess sodium? 15. How much potassium chlorate must be decomposed to form 3.22 g of oxygen? The other product is potassium chloride.