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BSC 219 09/06/12 Pedigrees and human genetics 6.1 The Study of Genetics in Humans Is Constrained by Special Features of Human Biology and Culture Special features: Controlled mating is not possible Long generation time Small family size Pedigree: pictorial representation of a family history, a family tree that outlines the inheritance of one or more characteristics Proband: the person with whom the pedigree is initiated Autosome Recessive Traits Occur equally in both sexes Tend to skip generations Two unaffected parents have affected child Autosomal Dominant Traits Occur equally in both sexes Unaffected parents will not have affected children An unaffected person will have at least one affected parent X-Linked Recessive Traits Much more common in males than females Affected male will not pass trait to son Affected male will pass allele to daughter who could be carrier Carrier females can have affected sons (50%) X-Linked Dominant Traits No skipping of generations Affected males pass trait to daughters but not sons Affected females pass trait to half of children Y-Linked Traits 6.4 The Study of Twins Can Be Used to Assess the Importance of Genes and Environment on Variation in a Trait Dizygotic twins = non-identical twins Monozygotic twins = identical twins Concordant trait: the trait shared by both members of a twin pair Concordance: the percentage of twin pairs that are concordant for a trait 6.4 The Study of Twins Can Be Used to Assess the Importance of Genes and Environment on Variation in a Trait Twin Studies and Obesity 6.6 Genetic Counseling Provides Information to Those Concerned about Genetic Diseases and Traits Genetic counseling: provides information related to hereditory conditions 6.8 Comparison of Human and Chimpanzee Genomes Is Helping to Reveal Genes That Make Humans Unique Microcephalin 1 to microcephalin 6 regulates human brain size. FOXP 2 regulates human speech.