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Pathophysiology
Final Essays
1. What are the usual cellular responses to reversible injury? How are
reversible and irreversible cellular injuries differentiated? What
happens to cells when injury is too severe or prolonged? (pg 66-70)
2. Please describe the difference between necrosis and apoptosis? What
kind of injuries are cells susceptible to? What are the usual physiologic
changes of aging and how are these differentiated from disease? (pg
70-82)
3. Please draw and describe Adaptive cellular responses to injury.
Normal, Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia and
Dysplasia. (pg )
4. What are the general structures and functions of the four main tissue
types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve? (pg 96-101)
5. Describe how genetic information is stored in cells and transmitted to
progeny during replication. What roles do genes play in determining
cell structure and function? (pg 85-93)
6. What ways (3-4) do benign and malignant tumors differ? How are
tumors graded and staged, what is the name/abbreviation (what does
it mean). How is this system used in selection of cancer therapies?
(pg. 149ish)
7. Please describe the treatment options available for benign and
malignant tumors. (pg 153-156) How do chemotherapies and
radiology differ in there “working” in the bodies? What are the side
effects of both types of treatments?
8. Give the 5 immunoglobulins and give two important points of each.
9. Describe the characteristics of Type I hypersensitivity and provide 2-3
examples. Describe the characteristics of Type II hypersensititivy and
provide 2-3 examples. What do the examples you provided affect?
10.
Describe the characteristics of Type III hypersensitivity and
provide 2-3 examples. Describe the characteristics of Type IV
hypersensititivy and provide 2-3 examples. What do the examples
you provided affect?
11.
Please describe nonspecific and specific defense mechanisms of
the immune system found in the human body. How are antigens and
antibodies different? What are the four antibodies that are available
(antitoxins, antiviral, activate complement system and opsonization)
and how are they beneficial to the human body?
12.
I would like you to explain primary and secondary antibody
responses and please tell how the latent periods and
immunoglobulin’s respond to the them. What are passive and active
immunities, what types are there and where and how will they aid in
the human to protect against outside exposures.