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Name: ___________________ Fill-in-the-Blank Essay on the History of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire, Roman Law, and Roman Society Based on Our World Textbook According to legend, Rome was founded in _________B.C. by twin brothers named _____________ and Remus. By 502 B.C. the Romans took control of the ______________ Plain by driving out the tribe, or group, named the ______________. Roman society was divided into two groups. The _____________ were workers, farmers, or craftsmen. Patricians were ___________, landowning noblemen. The last Roman king was named _______________. He and his family were exiled from Rome because his son attacked a Roman patrician matriarch (female head of a clan). The people had had enough of the abuse of power by the kings. In __________B.C. the plebeians rebelled against the government of the patricians. They demanded that a republic be formed. The word “republic” comes from the Latin word “res” ( meaning ____________) and the Latin word “publica” (meaning ___________). Rome “tried” to be a democratic republic. In a democratic republic the citizens __________ for people to speak for them in government. Each elected representative speaks for thousands of citizens. In a republic each citizen cannot go to the “seat” of government and propose and help pass laws. This is different than the form of government in Athens. It had a pure, or direct, _________________. This means that citizens passed _______________themselves. No one represented, “stood in,” or spoke for them. Each citizen __________ for himself in government. In 450 B.C., 50 years after the revolt of the plebeians that formed the republic, Rome’s plebeians rebelled again. This time they demanded that Rome’s _______________ be written down. Rome’s written laws were called the ______________ Tables. They were posted in the _______________, the center of Rome, where there were grand, marble public buildings. This code of written laws gave ____________ most of the power in Rome. It did not allow ______________ to own property/have money. It required that women always be supervised by a _________ (permanent legal guardianship). The Twelve Tables forbid the intermarriage of _____________ and plebeians because the patricians, who wrote the laws, wanted to prevent the _______________ from getting too much power. The three branches of the Roman Republican government were the _____________, the Citizen ____________, and the Consuls. During the Roman Republic the Senate was controlled by patricians. The tribunes were part of the ________________ Assembly. In Athens, the Areopagus (War Council and later the head court) was the oldest part of the government. In Rome, the oldest branch of the government was the __________________. It passed ___________, controlled the ______________ (money), and controlled relations/contacts with other __________________. The Citizen Assembly was the branch of government elected by the __________________. The Citizen Assembly elected people called _______________ to speak to the Senate on the behalf of them: to help pass laws to help the plebeians. The Citizen Assembly elected the two Consuls to ________ -year terms of office. One consul was head ___________, and the other was head of the ______________. A consul could order anyone _______________, propose laws, and ___________ [turn down] the other consul’s proposals. Some historians say that the Roman Republic was not a true democratic republic, but a democracy of--and for--the rich, because only rich patricians could pass ____________. Since only the ______________ could pass laws and only rich __________________ served in the Senate, one could say that only the rich ____________ the laws. Rome gradually grew from a small city to a huge empire. According to the map on page 231 of Our World, in the year ________B.C., Rome was city. By _________B.C., Rome occupied about half of the Italian peninsula. By 120 B.C., Rome occupied much of _____________ Europe. And by _______B.C., Rome occupied most of Europe, parts of Asia, and the northern part of the continent of ___________. In the second century B.C., the Romans fought with the powerful empire of ______________ over the island of Sicily. The Romans fought the _________ Wars with Carthage. (The wars were named after the Roman word for Phonenicia, which is where Carthage was located, in north Africa.) Rome seized more territory after its ____________ over Carthage. The Carthaginian general, ______________ made his son, Hannibal, promise to seek ______________ against the Romans. Hannibal’s plan of invasion was bold and daring because he had to __________ thousands of miles of foreign land, and then he had to cross the ___________ to enter the Italian peninsula to attack Rome. Ultimately, ____________ won all three Punic Wars. By the year 100 B.C., the ________________ Sea region was not controlled by the Phoenicians; not by the Egyptians; not by the Greeks; not by the Persians. It was controlled by the ______________. Changes in Rome’s government were brought on by Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar came from was a patrician _____________. During his life, he climbed the political ladder. By 59 B.C., when he was age 41, Julius Caesar was made ____________ of Rome. The following year he became the military ______________ of Roman Gaul, which today is ___________. Over the next nine years, Caesar won fame, riches and the loyalty of his army as he extended Rome’s empire all the way to the English _________________. In ______, Rome’s ____________ ordered Caesar to return to Rome without his army because they feared that he was getting too powerful. When Caesar refused to return, he crossed the ______________ River with his ____________. Civil war was started. A civil war is a war between __________ inside a country. Caesar sought assistance in Alexandria, Egypt, from Queen ____________. She gave Caesar ____________ in exchange for Caesar’s help in assassinating her political rival, her ____________. When Caesar returned to Rome in 45 B.C., he crowned himself _______________. Caesar did bring about some important changes: he gave __________to his soldiers (this made him more popular with them), he increased the number of people in the ____________ (this gave more people more power), he granted Roman _____________ to people not born in Rome, and he ordered that a new _____________ be created (the month of July is named for him). According to our textbook, the chief reason why some of Rome’s senators assassinated Caesar on the Ides of March, ______ B.C. was because they feared that was getting too powerful and wanted to make himself ____________. (Another important theory says just the opposite--that the Senate was afraid that Caesar was too popular with the common people and was a threat to the power of rich senators.) After Caesar’s assassination, his grand-nephew—and his adopted son—crowned himself “imperator” [emperor] after a bloody _________-year civil war. This man’s name was _________________, but he renamed himself___________. Caesar’s successor began a period called the Pax Romana. In English this phrase means Roman ____________. The Pax Romana lasted from about _______ years. There were benefits for Roman citizens during the Pax Romana. For example, roads, _____________, and water systems were built. . Roman soldier’s built Rome’s __________ system and enforced its laws. It was important for Rome to have a system of _____________ (more 50,000 miles worth), so that taxes could be collected, products could be traded, and soldiers could get quickly from place to place. In addition, a single system of government and _______________ was created through the empire, and food and goods traveled freely. According to the map on page 235 of Our World, by the year A.D. 14, Rome controlled land from Egypt in the south and Asia in the __________ to Spain in the ___________ and Gaul (France) in the _____________. ___________ enforced laws and acted as judges in the provinces of Rome’s huge empire. Since Rome “survived” based on the _______ money collected from its ____________, it was very important to know how many __________ lived in each province. The more people, the more taxes for Rome! The official name of a “population count” is a __________________. The roads made it possible for merchants and soldiers and ordinary citizens to get around the empire. During the Pax Romana, Rome’s aqueducts were an important part of the working of its empire. An aqueduct is a raised ________________ that carries _____________.