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Kayhart Biology Name________________________ Date _________________________ Reading Guide: Digestion & Human Nutrition Starr-Taggart (Ch. 41) 1. What is the function of adipose cells? ____________________________________ 2. If the number of fat cells in your body never changes, then what happens when you lose weight (in the form of fat)? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the body’s response to dieting? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. Define NUTRITION: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5. What is the function of he DIGESTIVE SYSTEM? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 41.1 The Nature of Digestive Systems 6. Describe the difference between an INCOMPLETE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM & a COMPLETE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. Give examples of organisms that have each. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 7. Describe the 5 tasks that a complete digestive system accomplishes: a. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ e. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 8. How is feeding behavior related to the structure and function of an organism’s unique digestive adaptations? Give at least 2 examples. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 9. Ruminants are animals with specialized adaptations for digestion. Explain what they are and how they fit with what ruminants eat. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 10. How is a carnivore’s digestive system different from an herbivore’s digestive system? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 11. Take a look at Figure 41.5. What adaptations does this snake have to allow it to access the nutrients locked up in the meal it is about to consume? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 41.2 Visual Overview of the Human Digestive System 12. Define LUMEN: ______________________________________________________ 13. What 2 purposes does MUCUS serve in the digestive system? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 14. If you were a morsel of food, name the major components of the human digestive GUT (& their functions) that you would pass through: (Note: not all of you would be absorbed! ) a. ______________________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________________ e. ______________________________________________________________ f. ______________________________________________________________ g. ______________________________________________________________ h. ______________________________________________________________ 15. What accessory organs would aid the process above? (note their functions!) a. ______________________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________________ 16. Label all the components above (#14 & 15) on the diagram below. 41.3 Into the Mouth, Down the Tube 17. Describe the adaptations of human teeth for mechanically breaking food into small bits. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 18. Describe the structure and function of the tongue. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 19. Describe the composition of SALIVA. What is the function of each component? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 20. Once “processed” food enters the muscular pharynx it is called a “ball” or ________. 21. Describe the adaptation that we possess to keep food from passing into the TRACHEA (which would obstruct breathing)? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 22. What is the function of a SPHINCTER? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 41.4 Digestion in the Stomach and Small Intestine 23. List the components of GASTRIC FLUID. How do these components aid in digestion? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 24. Describe how protein digestion is started in the stomach. What is the role of GASTRIN (a hormone)? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 25. How is it advantageous for a protease (protein-digesting enzyme) to kept in an inactivated form (PEPSINOGEN) until needed? Name the activated form. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 26. How does PERISTALSIS aid in digestion? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 27. Name the 3 regions of the small intestine. ___________________________________________________________________ 28. How does the PANCREAS aid in digestion? What enzymes (name 5) does it secrete and what do they do? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 29. Explain the connection between the LIVER, BILE and the GALL BLADDER. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 30. What is the function of BILE? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 31. Think about the structure of LIPIDS. Now, why would EMULSIFICATION be essential to digesting LIPIDS? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 32. All parts of the body must work together & exchange information constantly to maintain HOMEOSTASIS. Explain how the stretching of the stomach (as you fill it with food you have eaten) triggers changes in the internal environment that allow your body to respond to this “new condition”. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 33. Briefly tell the trigger & response of each of these hormones of digestion: a. GASTRIN _____________________________________________________ b. SECRETIN ____________________________________________________ c. CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK) __________________________________________ d. GLUCOSE INSULOTROPIN PEPTIDE (GIP) ______________________________________ 41.5 Absorption From the Small Intestine 34. Study Figure 41.10. Explain the significance of the convoluted folding of the epithelial lining of the small intestine, the VILLI and MICROVILLI to absorption of nutrients. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 35. How does SEGMENTATION aid in the process of ABSORPTION? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 36. Study Figure 41.11. Use it to explain how each of the major products of digestion— monoglycerides, amino acids, monoglycerides and fatty acids—cross from the lumen into the epithelial cells of the small intestine. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 41.6 Disposition of Absorbed Organic Compounds 37. Summarize this section. Be sure to include the information in Figure 41.12. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 38. How does the COLON absorb water from CHYME? Explain how sodium ions participate in this process. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 39. What products do the cells lining the COLON secrete and why are they necessary? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 40. How do BULK and GASTRIN influence movement in the COLON? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 41. Why is APPENDICITIS usually treated with surgery to remove the appendix? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 42. Explain the connection between COLON CANCER and fiber-poor diets. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 41.8 Human Nutritional Requirements 43. After reading this section, summarize the basic nutritional requirements of human nutrition. Include: The role of insulin The effect of refined carbs and complex carbs Why it’s important to eat fats & oils, especially those containing essential fatty acids Why it’s important to eat proteins, especially those containing essential amino acids ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 41.9 Vitamins and Minerals 44. Define VITAMIN and MINERAL: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 45. Choose 3 vitamins from Table 41.2. Tell where they come from, what they do in the body and what the result is if you don’t get enough or if you get too much of it. a. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 46. Choose 3 minerals from Table 41.3. Tell where they come from, what they do in the body and what the result is if you don’t get enough or if you get too much of it. a. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 41.10 Weighty Questions, Tantalizing Answers 47. Describe factors that influence how much a person weighs. What are the two most important factors. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 48. Describe the role of genes, the hormone leptin and the hormone ghrelin in metabolism and weight control. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________