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CHAPTER 2: GENETICS AND PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Section 1: Learning Objectives
2.1
Distinguish between genotype and phenotype
2.2
Describe the sex chromosomes and identify what makes them different from other
chromosomes.
2.3
Describe how behavior geneticists use heritability estimates and concordance rates in
their research.
2.4
Describe how the concept of epigenesis frames gene–environment interactions, and
connect epigenesis to the concept of reaction range.
2.5
Explain how the theory of genotype → environment effects casts new light on the old
nature–nurture debate.
2.6
Outline the process of meiosis in the formation of reproductive cells and specify how the
process differs for males and females.
2.7
Describe the process of fertilization and conception.
2.8
Describe the structures that form during the germinal period, and identify when
implantation takes place.
2.9
Outline the major milestones of the embryonic period and identify when they take place.
2.10 Describe the major milestones of the fetal period and identify when viability occurs.
2.12 Summarize scientifically based information on prenatal care.
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
Explain how chromosomal disorders occur.
Identify the major teratogens in developing countries and developed countries.
Describe the three main techniques of prenatal diagnosis, and explain who is likely to
seek genetic counseling and for what purposes.
List the major causes of infertility for both men and women.
Describe the current treatments for infertility.
Compare rates of infertility worldwide, and contrast the views of infertility in
developed and developing countries.
KEY TERMS
chromosome p. 45
gene p. 45
genotype p. 45
dominant–recessive
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) p. 45
genome p. 45
phenotype p. 45
incomplete dominance p. 46
sex chromosomes p. 48
nature–nurture debate p. 50
monozygotic (MZ) twins p. 50
X-linked inheritance p. 49
behavior genetics p. 50
dizygotic (DZ) twins p. 50
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concordance rate p. 51
epigenesis p. 51
reaction range p. 52
meiosis p. 55
cytoplasm p. 56
germinal period p. 59
umbilical cord p. 60
neuron p. 60
Down syndrome p. 67
syndrome) p. 70
(FASD) p. 70
theory of genotype →
mitosis p. 55
zygote p. 57
placenta p. 60
embryonic period p. 60
teratogen p. 66
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
amniocentesis p. 72
chorionic villus
infertility p. 73
sampling (CVS) p. 72
assisted reproductive
technologies (ART ) p. 74
in vitro fertilization (IVF) p. 75
infertility belt p. 76
artificial insemination p. 74
animalcule p. 75
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