Download Verbs 4 - Katedra anglického jazyka

Zvyšování jazykově-metodické odbornosti učitelů anglického jazyka na základních
a středních školách v rámci dalšího vzdělávání pedagogických pracovníků
reg. č.: CZ.1.07/1.3.00/14.0020
MOOD
relates the verbal action to such conditions as certainty, obligation, necessity, possibility and it
is expressed by finite verb phrases.
We distinguish:
•the indicative (statements, questions) - factual
•the imperative (commands)
•the subjunctive (hypothetical, theoretical)
•the conditional (present, past)
The indicative
The speaker presents an event as an actual fact
(in statements and questions).
John is a journalist. Where did you find them?
The imperative
The event can, but need not, be realized in the near or distant future.
2nd person singular and plural: the finite base form:
Say it again!
Negation: do not (don´t) Don´t say it again!
The other persons: periphrastic form (opisná forma)
let + noun/pronoun in the object case + (bare) infinitive
Let John/him go. Let’s not go there.
Note: the non-contracted form let us usually means „allow us“:
Let us go. (Dovolte nám odejít). X Let’s go. (Pojďme).
The imperative is used for:
•Direct commands, requests, suggestions:
Follow me. Shut the door. Don´t worry.
•Warnings: Look out! Don´t panic!
Zvyšování jazykově-metodické odbornosti učitelů anglického jazyka na základních
a středních školách v rámci dalšího vzdělávání pedagogických pracovníků
reg. č.: CZ.1.07/1.3.00/14.0020
•Directions: Take the second turning on the left.
•Instructions: Use a moderate oven and make for 20 mins.
•Prohibitions: Keep off the grass!
•Advice: Never speak to strangers!
•Invitations: Have a drink.
•Offers: Help yourself.
•Expressing rudeness: Shut up!
The imperative with do is used to emphasize what we are saying:
•to be polite: Do have another cup of coffee.
•to express impatience: Do stop talking.
•to persuade: Do help me with this maths problems.
The imperative may be used with pronouns to stress the addressee and to make the clause
more emotional:
You wait here for a moment.!
Everyone keep quiet!
Mary bring the books and John the tests, please.
The imperative with question tags can change the command into a polite request:
Come in, will you?
The subjunctive
expresses uncertainty or doubt.
•The present subjunctive
the base form of the verb in
a) that clauses (mandative)
It is necessary that every member inform himself of those rules.
In British E. there is a tendency to use „putative should“ in these clauses:
It is necessary that every member should inform himself of those rules.
b) certain formulas (formulaic)
Long live the Queen! Come what may. So be it.
•The past subjunctive (hypothetical)
„were“ in all persons in
a) wish that cannot be fulfilled at present
I wish I were dead. If only I were miles away.
b) hypothetical meaning
If it were not for you, I’d never finish it.
Zvyšování jazykově-metodické odbornosti učitelů anglického jazyka na základních
a středních školách v rámci dalšího vzdělávání pedagogických pracovníků
reg. č.: CZ.1.07/1.3.00/14.0020
The conditional
–the present conditional: I would write.
–the past conditional : I would have written.
The conditional is used:
•in simple sentences
Would you help me?
•in the main clauses of sentences with conditional clauses
If I lived near my office, I´d be in time for work.
If I had known that you were coming, I´d´ve met you at the airport.
I would be very grateful if you would make the arrangements for me. (polite request)
•as a past tense equivalent of future tenses (backshift)
She thought that they would come.
She told me that she would love me.
I expected that they would have finished it by Saturday.
MODALITY
Communicative modality – an obligatory feature of sentences connected with the
grammatical category of mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive)
Modality proper – expresses the attitude of the speaker/writer towards the potential
realization of what is being communicated (either by modal verbs or other words or phrases –
perhaps, possibly, certainly, etc.)
Modality proper
Epistemic modality (EPI) – expresses the concepts of possibility, necessity and prediction
(the belief of the speaker/writer)
They may come tomorrow. She must have known it.
Deontic modality (DE) – is connected with the concepts of permission, obligation or
prohibition
You must go there. May/Can I borrow your pencil?
Zvyšování jazykově-metodické odbornosti učitelů anglického jazyka na základních
a středních školách v rámci dalšího vzdělávání pedagogických pracovníků
reg. č.: CZ.1.07/1.3.00/14.0020
Dynamic modality (DY) – refers to ability or volition
She can easily beat him. They will help you.
MODAL AUXILIARIES
Verbs like can and may are called modal auxiliaries. We frequently use them when we
are concerned with our relationship with someone else. We may, for example, ask for
permission to do something, give advice, make requests and offers, etc.
Modals have two major functions which can be defined as primary and secondary.
In their primary function, modal verbs closely reflect the meaning often given first in most
dictionaries
e.g. can – relates mainly to ability
may – relates mainly to permission etc.
In their secondary function, modal verbs can be used to express the degree of
certainty/uncertainty that a speaker feels about a possibility.
They can be arranged on a scale from the greatest uncertainty (might) to the greatest certainty
(must). The order of modals between might and must is not fixed absolutely, it varies
according to situation.
very uncertain ------------------------------------------------------------almost certain
might / may / could / should / would / will / must
Modal verbs form a closed class and can be further divided into the following groups:
central modals: can/could, may/might, must, shall/should, will/would
marginal modals: ought to, need, dare, used to
semi-modals: have to, have got to, had better, be supposed to, be going to, want to
Zvyšování jazykově-metodické odbornosti učitelů anglického jazyka na základních
a středních školách v rámci dalšího vzdělávání pedagogických pracovníků
reg. č.: CZ.1.07/1.3.00/14.0020
CAN/COULD
a) ability
He can speak English but he can´t write it.
They could help me.
b) Permission (DE)
Can I smoke here?
They could leave the meeting at four. Could I smoke here?
c) possibility (theoretical) (EPI)
The road can be blocked.
Everybody could make mistakes.
MAY/MIGHT
a) permission (DE)
You may borrow my car if you like.
Might I smoke here? (rare - very formal)
b) possibility (factual) (EPI)
The road may be blocked.
We might go to the concert.
MUST x HAVE TO
a) obligation or compulsion (DE)
You must be back by ten o’clock. (subjective obligation)
Children have to go to school. (objective obligation)
negatives 1. = not be obliged to – needn’t , don´t have to
2. = be obliged not to – mustn’t
b) (logical) necessity (EPI)
There must be a mistake. They must have met him.
negative - can’t
There can’t be a mistake. They can’t have met him.
Zvyšování jazykově-metodické odbornosti učitelů anglického jazyka na základních
a středních školách v rámci dalšího vzdělávání pedagogických pracovníků
reg. č.: CZ.1.07/1.3.00/14.0020
WILL/Would
a) prediction (EPI)
You will/would feel better after this medicine.
b) volition (DY)
- intention (often in combination with a sense of prediction)
I will/would finish it tomorrow..
- willingness
Who will/would help me with the bag?.
- insistence
She will/would spend hours talking to him.
SHALL/SHOULD
implies the will of the speaker/writer (DY)
a) insistence
They shall follow the rules. (very strong, formal)
b) promise
You shall get the money.
c) advice
You should read the book.
d) willingness
Shall we go there?
SHOULD / WOULD
may express hypothetical meaning in main clauses:
If you pressed that button, the engine would stop.
should is also a marker of “putative” meaning:
She insisted that we should stay.
Zvyšování jazykově-metodické odbornosti učitelů anglického jazyka na základních
a středních školách v rámci dalšího vzdělávání pedagogických pracovníků
reg. č.: CZ.1.07/1.3.00/14.0020
MARGINAL AUXILIARIES
used to – it always takes the to-infinitive and occurs only in the past tense
She used to attend regularly.
negation
question
He usedn´t (or used not) to smoke. (BrE)
He didn´t use to smoke.
Did he use to drink?
He used to drink, didn´t he?
ought to – normally has the to-infinitive
You oughtn’t to smoke so much.
A: Ought I to stop smoking?
B: Yes, I think you ought (to). to is optional
dare – can be used:
a) either as a modal auxiliary (with bare infinitive and without the
inflected forms) – typical in non-assertive contexts = negative
+ interrogative sentences
I dare not go yet. Dare we go yet?
b) or as a main verb (with to-infinitive and with inflected –s, -ing
and past forms) – can always be used, is more common
I don´t dare to go yet. Do we dare to go?
need - the same as with dare
a) You need not wait. Need we wait?
b) You don´t need to wait. Do we need to wait?