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Respiratory System Notesheet Respiration - Unconscious exchange of air between ____________ and the _________________ environment Breathing - Two types: 1. External - Exchange of carbon dioxide (_____) and oxygen (_____) between the environment and the organism 2. Internal - Exchange of O2 and CO2 between ___________ body _____________ (Ex: blood and individual cells) _________________ - breathed into the lungs (______), body has a 4-6 minute supply of oxygen _____________________________ - CO2 is exhaled out of the lungs Gas exchange - Transfer of ______________ from inhaled air __________ the blood and the transfer of ____________ _________________the blood into the exhaled air Anatomy (Structures to Know) Nose/mouth - Route to take in O2 and expel CO2; mucous membranes __________and ____________ air Cilia - Tiny _____________ that protect the nasal passages, trachea, and bronchi; Move back and forth as air is ________________, pushing foreign particles (dust) toward the nostrils or pharynx Pharynx - also known as the __________________ Larynx – also known as the __________________ Trachea - Also called the “windpipe”, connects the pharynx to the _____________, wrapped in cartilage for protection Bronchus – (plural = bronchi) The trachea divides into two main bronchi (_________ mainstem and __________ mainstem); Main _________________ within the lungs _____________________ - Branch off of the bronchi, Do NOT contain cartilage, ____________ airways within the lungs ________________ sacs - Located at the end of the ______________________, look like a bunch of grapes, Surrounded by __________________, Site of ___________ _____________________ Lungs - Right lung: _______ lobes, Left lung: _________ lobes Diagnostic Terms Auscultation - Listening to sounds within the body using a _______________________ Percussion - ______________ on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying tissue, Lungs should sound ____________ when tapping over them; should NOT sound _____________ Sputum - _____________ expelled from the respiratory tract mixed with _______________, Able to make a diagnoses based on _________________ and composition of sputum Rales - Clicking, rattling and ________________ noises. Caused by the opening of small airways (alveoli collapsed by ______________ or lack of air). Heard during ________________ where there is fluid or pus in the alveoli. Caused by:_____________________, bronchitis Wheezing - Whistling sound caused by bronchial airways being ________________ or obstructed. Caused by: asthma, bronchitis Rhonchi - Coarse rattling sound (like snoring) caused by _____________ in the bronchial airways, heard during inhalation and exhalation, Caused by: bronchitis Diagnostic Tests Chest Xray (______) - X ray of the __________ region of the body to look for lung problems (pathology). Diagnose pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma Terms to Know Hypoxemia - low levels of _________________ in the blood ______________ - difficult, painful breathing ____________________________ (_____) - difficulty “catching” your breath Intubation - placement of an ______________________ (ET) tube into the trachea of a person who is unable to breathe on their own. Disorders/Pathology Upper respiratory infection (URI) - _____________________________, _________________, highly contagious, Usually lasts for a week, Symptoms: runny nose, cough, fever, sore throat, congestion Influenza - The flu, Viral, highly ________________________, Symptoms: chills, fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, muscle pain, fatigue; Annual _________________ is recommended for the elderly, _____________________________, people with chronic diseases and ____________________ women Emphysema - Chronic, no cure; ______________ lose elasticity and deteriorate, __________ becomes trapped in alveoli and become over expanded, gas exchange is poor; Usually caused by heavy _________________; Symptoms: dyspnea, feeling of ______________________, barrel chest, chronic cough, cyanosis; Treatment: bronchodilators, oxygen, avoiding smoking, prompt treatment of infections COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) - Any chronic lung disease that results in ____________________ of the airways; Chronic bronchitis, __________________, _______________ and tuberculosis can lead to COPD; ____________________________ is the primary cause Asthma - Airflow obstruction due to ____________________, swelling of the bronchioles and/or bronchi, and increased _________ in the airways; Bronchospasm: severe contraction of __________ ________ covering bronchioles/bronchi; Symptoms: ___________, cough, dyspnea, _______ _______________, shortness of breath; Reversible with _______________ medications that relieve the bronchospasm Respiratory Procedures Bronchoscopy - A __________________ (__________) is inserted into the airways through the nose or mouth so the doctor may look for _________________________ within the bronchi. Tracheostomy - An airway is created by making an incision into the __________ through the ________, Used in an ________________________ or as a permanent fix.