Download DNA and Biotechnology 2

DNA/Biotechnology 1
FLIP
DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid that
carries and transmits genetic information. The
structure of DNA is the double helix, which looks a lot
like a twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder are made
out of phosphate and sugar. The sugar is deoxyribose.
The rungs of the ladder are the nitrogen bases, which
pair together based on complimentary base pair rules.
Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G)
pairs with Cytosine (C). Therefore the amount of
adenine in a DNA molecule will always equal the
amount of thymine and the amount of guanine will
always equal the amount of cytosine. A nitrogen base,
a sugar, and a phosphate together make up a
nucleotide.
-----------------------------------------------------------------The copying of DNA is called DNA replication. DNA
replication makes an identical DNA strand. This
process begins when the double-stranded DNA
unwinds with the help of the enzyme DNA helicase.
DNA polymerase, another enzyme, then travels along
the strands and adds nucleotides. Therefore each of
the two newly formed DNA molecules are made up of
one old strand and one new strand. This is called
semi-conservative replication.
Name:
FLOP
What is the full name of DNA?
What is the structure of DNA?
What are the base pairing rules in DNA?
The amount of guanine = _______________________
The amount of adenine = _______________________
What is in a nucleotide?
-----------------------------------------------------------------What is DNA replication?
Which enzyme unwinds DNA?
Which enzyme adds new nucleotides?
Find the complimentary strand to: AGCTACCA
A-T
G-C
Each new DNA molecule is made up of one _____
T-A
strand and one ______ strand, which is why it is called
C-G
________________________________ replication.
-----------------------------------------------------------------The process of making DNA into RNA is called
What are the three differences between DNA and
RNA?
transcription. DNA must first unwind again, just
like in DNA replication. A new enzyme, RNA
polymerase, must then add new nucleotides as it
reads the DNA. RNA is just like DNA except for
three things:
1. RNA is single stranded, DNA is doublestranded
2. RNA contains the sugar ribose, and DNA
contains the sugar deoxyribose
3. RNA has the nitrogen base uracil (U)
So the transcript formed is called the messenger
RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then travels from the
nucleus (which is where transcription occurs) to
the ribosomes for translation
ATAGCATTA -DNA
UAUCGUAAU-RNA
Find the transcript to ATAGGCCATA:
Which type of RNA travels from the nucleus to the
ribosome?
DNA and Biotechnology 2
FLIP
The next step in this process is to make the mRNA
into proteins. When the mRNA travels to ribosomes,
the mRNA code must be cracked! Each three letters
or nucleotides are read together as codons. The
codons code for amino acids. The codons on the
mRNA match up with the anticodons on the tRNA
(transfer RNA). The job of the tRNA is to bring the
amino acids in the cytoplasm to the mRNA. A bunch
of amino acids bonded together in a long chain is
called a protein.
Codon = ACA
Anticodon=UGU
-----------------------------------------------------------------Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate
DNA pieces by size. It is used to create DNA
fingerprints, the band patterns that are different for
every individual. To create a DNA fingerprint, the
DNA is cut by a restriction enzyme and the pieces are
run through a gel. The bigger pieces get caught at the
beginning of the gel and the smaller pieces can run
towards the end.
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Three letter codes on the mRNA are called:
What is the job of the tRNA?
What do the codons code for?
Find the anticodon to each codon below:
AGA:
UUU:
CGC:
What is a protein?
-----------------------------------------------------------------A pattern of cut DNA bands is called a:
What cuts the DNA?
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Which suspect matches the crime scene?
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Here, suspect 2 matches the crime scene.
----------------------------------------------------------------Gene technology can also be used to make human
proteins by changing genes in animals to produce
these proteins. Human insulin, for example, can be
made in the milk of cows or goats. Scientists can also
make genetically modified crops, such as crops
resistant to pesticides or to bugs. Scientists have
changed a gene in certain bugs that produces a protein
that injures the gut of chewing insects. Crops can also
be made that have better nutrition. Some rice plants
have been grown with more vitamins to make rice
more nutritious. This happens more often than you
might think, nearly 36 million acres of soybeans were
genetically altered plants.
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What can the milk of goats and cows produce?
What kind of crops can scientists make?
Is genetically engineered food common?
Is all this genetic experimentation, such as cloning or
modified plants ethical? Why or Why Not?