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Basic Botany Review – Roots - Stems - Leaves - Flowers – Seeds Name:________________________ 3. Fleshy: become food reservoirs, store ROOTS Plant Classifications surplus food Angiosperm 1. Monocot: one seed leaf (cotyledon) STEMS 2. Dicot: two seed leaves Function of Stems Gymnosperms: produces seeds enclosed in Attachment point for leaves, flowers, fruit cones Support Root Functions Leaves have to have access to light and air Absorption of water and nutrients Transport Transportation of water and nutrients to FOOD, WATER, MINERALS stem Through Capillary Action Anchor plant to maintain stability Vascular System: Stores food and water Xylem = water and nutrients taken from Root System roots to leaves Primary root: short-lived, develops from Phloem = manufactured food distributed to embryo all parts of the plants Secondary root: branches from primary Storage = of water, nutrients, waste root, fibrous root, becomes primary root Vascular Systems Root hairs: extensions reach between soil Monocot: bundles scattered throughout particles; absorbs water and nutrients; needs stem care when transplanting Dicots: segregated into circular pattern; Parts of Roots separated by cambium layer (produces new Root hairs - site of absorption, one-celled, xylem & phloem cells) white, fuzzy hair-like growths that develop Woody = accumulated dead xylem cells near the end of the root branches Herbaceous = nonwoody - succulent (corn, Root tip - where the root grows in length (4 weeds, beans, annual flowers) to 6 cm of the “free end”) Stem Structure: Root cap - provides protection for the root Terminal bud = tip of stem, point of tip elongation (cut it off and it’ll get a bushy Epidermis - the outermost layer of cells plant) Cortex: - undifferentiated plant tissue from Auxillary bud = located above each leaf which new cells arise at the tips of roots Node = where the leaf is attached (under root cap) Internode = region between nodes Growing point - just back of the root cap Stem Growth where active cell division Growth in LENGTH = meristematic cells = Vascular tissue - is within the cortex, active cell division contains cells which transport water, Apical meristems = tips nutrients, and minerals to all parts of the Growth in DIAMETER = cambium layer plant. (rings) Elongation region - where rapid growth in Cells divide between xylem and phloem the length of the root takes place. Stem grows in diameter when: Region of maturation - lies behind the cambium layer divides on inner side of stem growing point and is where secondary roots = new xylem and on outer side of stem = new emerge. phloem Types of Root Systems Trees in dormant seasons add different 1. Taproots: primary roots; reach deep into colors to the growth layers = rings soil 2. Fibrous: no real primary roots; many fine roots, spread out at soil surface Basic Botany Review – Roots - Stems - Leaves - Flowers – Seeds Name:________________________ Spongy mesophyll - lower layer air space LEAVES Function Chloroplasts - actual sites of photosynthesis To absorb sunlight for the manufacturing of Leaf Characteristics plant sugars Simple - one blade per leaf Compound - several leaflets Photosynthesis Flattened surfaces present a large area for Leaf Arrangement along a Stem absorption of light energy Rosulate - basal leaves form a rosette around To make food used by plants for growth & stem reproduction Alternate - leaves occur at alternate spots on Types of Leaves stem; single leaf at each node Scale leaves - small, leathery, protective oak, beech leaves, enclose & protect buds Opposite - leaves occur two at a node on Seed leaves - cotyledons, are modified opposite sides of stem leaves (storage organs). maple, ash, dogwood Spines and tendrils - modified leaves that Whorled - 3 or more leaves at each node protect or assist in supporting stems Venation - arrangement of veins Storage leaves - found in bulbs and Parallel - from base to tip in parallel lines succulents, serve as food storage ex. Grasses/monocots Bracts - which are often brightly colored Net-veined - veins branch from main (poinsettia) midrib(s) and subdivide to finer veinlets Conifers,(pines, firs, spruce)needlesmore resistant to tearing waxy cuticles with sunken stomata Pinnate - veins are lateral from midrib to resin canals on sides of vascular system to edge guard against insect damage Palmate venation - principal vein extends Dicot Parts of a Leaf outward, like ribs of a fan Blade - broad, thin part of leaf Petiole - thin stem attaching leaf to stem FLOWERS Sessile - leaves with no petiole Purpose of Flowers Midrib - large, central vein POLLINATION = Plant Reproduction Margin - edge of leaf Brightly colored & fragrant to attract bees, Secondary vein - branches from main vein insects, birds Apex or tip - top of leaf Pollination occurs by animals, wind, human Base - bottom of leaf activity Monocots Flowers Sheath - portion of leaf blade surrounding Dicots - typically have four or five sepals stem and/or petals, or multiples thereof Ligule - “collar” extension of sheath curving Monocots - typically come in threes or around stem multiples of three Auricles - appendages that surround stem at Flowers Contain 4 Parts junction of blade and sheath Sepals: small, green, leaflike structures Cross-Section of A Leaf located at the base of a flower - protects Epidermis - protection of leaf tissue opening bud and flower; supports petals; also Cuticle - waxy substance (cutin) protects called a calyx leaf from dehydration Petals: highly colored portions of a flower to Guard cells - open and close, regulate attract pollination passage of H2O, O2, and CO2 Stamen: male part of the flower Stoma - openings in leaf surface Pistil: female part of the flower Mesophyll - middle layer of leaf, where Female Part of the Flower (PISTIL) photosynthesis occurs Stigma: pollen-collecting structure at top of Palisade layer - dense upper layer pistil Basic Botany Review – Roots - Stems - Leaves - Flowers – Seeds Name:________________________ Style: support structure connecting ovary Cross-fertilization, pollen and ovules come and stigma from genetically different plants. Ovary: enlarged base of the pistil contains Cross-pollination is useful in plant breeding ovules (eggs), if an egg is fertilized, the ovule Some plants cannot self-pollinate. develops into a seed. Some plants have distinct male and female Pollination: pollen is collected at stigma, individuals. travels down style and reaches the ovary Asexual Reproduction Male parts of the flower Vegetative reproduction is asexual Stamen: a= without Anther: pollen sac - located at top of Three types of cuttings: structure. …..Contains pollen Tip cutting Filament: stalk supporting anther, holds the Leaf section, leaf petiole, or cutting veins anther in position, making the pollen available Cutting of roots for dispersement by wind, insects, or birds Ensure new plants are identical to parent Types of Flowers plants Complete/Perfect: flower with all four parts Maintain desirable species Incomplete/Imperfect: flower missing any Common types of asexual propagation of the four parts Cuttings - portion of plant removed and Plants are classified by reproduction life spans forms roots (shrubs/houseplants) Annual: completes life cycle in one year Grafting - shoot removed from parent plant Biennial: 2 year life cycle. Grows and placed on another (apple/fruit trees) vegetation in one year. Flowers and dies off Budding - bud removed from parent plant second year and placed on stock (fruit trees/ornamentals Perennial: life span of 2 + years roses) SEXUAL & ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Division - clumps of plants dug up and Sexual: Propagation is by seed separated (hostas, mums, lilies) Asexual: Propagation is the increase of Rhizomes - rhizomes dug up, cut into plants by vegetative methods. sections and planted (iris) Sexual Reproduction Stolon - new plants root at nodes Advantages (strawberries more economical easier SEEDS longer storage time Sexual Reproduction Disadvantages Requires flowers to form, pollination & do not breed true fertilization to occur, seeds develop and grow slow growth Pollen from anther falls on stigma of pistil do not produce viable seeds from anther of stamen How do pollen grains fertilize the ovules? Fertilization occurs in ovary Pollen grains are carried by wind, water, or Ovary develops into fruit and ovules animals become seed Pollen lands on stigma, pollen tubes move Seeds are living or dormant toward ovary 3 parts: Fertilization happens in ovary –seed coat Embryo is formed –endosperm/cotyledon Embryo grows outward and forms fruit or –embryo seed Parts of the Seed Sexual Reproduction Seed Coat Self-fertilization, pollen and ovules are made Protective outer covering of the seed by the same plant. Helps transport seeds and keep them viable (alive) Basic Botany Review – Roots - Stems - Leaves - Flowers – Seeds Name:________________________ Endosperm Tomatoes are a botanical fruit since they Stores plant food (starch & protein) develop from the flower, as do squash, Feeds the growing embryo during cucumbers, and eggplant germination DRY: (fruit wall becomes papery and hard) Peanut (legumes), poppy (capsule), maple Parts of the Seed Cotyledon (samara), and walnut (nut) Seed leaf - first leaves seen on a plant. Types of Fruit - Aggregate Feeds the plant during first growth Come from a single flower which has many Dicots = 2 ovaries Monocots = 1 Ovaries are fertilized separately and Embryo independently New plant that develops as a result of Strawberry and blackberry have an edible, fertilization enlarged receptacle Epicotyl - forms all plant parts above the Types of Fruit - Multiple first node of the stem. Tight cluster of separate, independent Hypocotyl - forms the lower stem and roots flowers on a single structure Seeds Each flower will have its own calyx and Angiosperm— flowering plants, seeds are corolla borne in an enclosed ovary Pineapple, fig and the beet seed (some 250,000 species) Gymnosperm— seeds of gymnosperms are borne naked with no ovary (pines, spruces, and ginkgo 700 species) Germination Seed coat softened by water Favorable temperatures must exist Endosperm feeds growing plant Epicotyl - grows away from gravity Hypocotyl - grows toward gravitational attraction Cotyledons Monocots - (grasses); remains inside seed for a longer period Dicots - push up through the soil at germination and act as true leaves FRUIT Fertilized and mature ovules = SEEDS Ovary wall Fleshy, as in the apple, or dry and hard as in a maple fruit Seeds enclosed within the ovary apples, peaches, oranges, squash, cucumbers Seeds situated on outside of fruit tissue corn, strawberry Types of Fruit - Simple Develop from a single ovary Cherries and peaches (drupe), pears and apples (pome), and tomatoes (berries)