Download Basic Botany Review – Roots - Stems - Leaves - Flowers

Basic Botany Review – Roots - Stems - Leaves - Flowers – Seeds
Name:________________________
3. Fleshy: become food reservoirs, store
ROOTS
Plant Classifications
surplus food
Angiosperm
1. Monocot: one seed leaf (cotyledon)
STEMS
2. Dicot: two seed leaves
Function of Stems
Gymnosperms: produces seeds enclosed in
Attachment point for leaves, flowers, fruit
cones
Support
Root Functions
Leaves have to have access to light and air
Absorption of water and nutrients
Transport
Transportation of water and nutrients to
FOOD, WATER, MINERALS
stem
Through Capillary Action
Anchor plant to maintain stability
Vascular System:
Stores food and water
Xylem = water and nutrients taken from
Root System
roots to leaves
Primary root: short-lived, develops from
Phloem = manufactured food distributed to
embryo
all parts of the plants
Secondary root: branches from primary
Storage = of water, nutrients, waste
root, fibrous root, becomes primary root
Vascular Systems
Root hairs: extensions reach between soil
Monocot: bundles scattered throughout
particles; absorbs water and nutrients; needs
stem
care when transplanting
Dicots: segregated into circular pattern;
Parts of Roots
separated by cambium layer (produces new
Root hairs - site of absorption, one-celled,
xylem & phloem cells)
white, fuzzy hair-like growths that develop
Woody = accumulated dead xylem cells
near the end of the root branches
Herbaceous = nonwoody - succulent (corn,
Root tip - where the root grows in length (4
weeds, beans, annual flowers)
to 6 cm of the “free end”)
Stem Structure:
Root cap - provides protection for the root
Terminal bud = tip of stem, point of
tip
elongation (cut it off and it’ll get a bushy
Epidermis - the outermost layer of cells
plant)
Cortex: - undifferentiated plant tissue from
Auxillary bud = located above each leaf
which new cells arise at the tips of roots
Node = where the leaf is attached
(under root cap)
Internode = region between nodes
Growing point - just back of the root cap
Stem Growth
where active cell division
Growth in LENGTH = meristematic cells =
Vascular tissue - is within the cortex,
active cell division
contains cells which transport water,
Apical meristems = tips
nutrients, and minerals to all parts of the
Growth in DIAMETER = cambium layer
plant.
(rings)
Elongation region - where rapid growth in
Cells divide between xylem and phloem
the length of the root takes place.
Stem grows in diameter when:
Region of maturation - lies behind the
cambium layer divides on inner side of stem
growing point and is where secondary roots
= new xylem and on outer side of stem = new
emerge.
phloem
Types of Root Systems
Trees in dormant seasons add different
1. Taproots: primary roots; reach deep into
colors to the growth layers = rings
soil
 2. Fibrous: no real primary roots; many
fine roots, spread out at soil surface
Basic Botany Review – Roots - Stems - Leaves - Flowers – Seeds
Name:________________________
Spongy mesophyll - lower layer air space
LEAVES
Function
Chloroplasts - actual sites of photosynthesis
To absorb sunlight for the manufacturing of
Leaf Characteristics
plant sugars
Simple - one blade per leaf
Compound - several leaflets
Photosynthesis
Flattened surfaces present a large area for
Leaf Arrangement along a Stem
absorption of light energy
Rosulate - basal leaves form a rosette around
To make food used by plants for growth &
stem
reproduction
Alternate - leaves occur at alternate spots on
Types of Leaves
stem; single leaf at each node
Scale leaves - small, leathery, protective
oak, beech
leaves, enclose & protect buds
Opposite - leaves occur two at a node on
Seed leaves - cotyledons, are modified
opposite sides of stem
leaves (storage organs).
maple, ash, dogwood
Spines and tendrils - modified leaves that
Whorled - 3 or more leaves at each node
protect or assist in supporting stems
Venation - arrangement of veins
Storage leaves - found in bulbs and
Parallel - from base to tip in parallel lines
succulents, serve as food storage
ex. Grasses/monocots
Bracts - which are often brightly colored
Net-veined - veins branch from main
(poinsettia)
midrib(s) and subdivide to finer veinlets
Conifers,(pines, firs, spruce)needlesmore resistant to tearing
waxy cuticles with sunken stomata
Pinnate - veins are lateral from midrib to
resin canals on sides of vascular system to
edge
guard against insect damage
Palmate venation - principal vein extends
Dicot Parts of a Leaf
outward, like ribs of a fan
Blade - broad, thin part of leaf
Petiole - thin stem attaching leaf to stem
FLOWERS
Sessile - leaves with no petiole
Purpose of Flowers
Midrib - large, central vein
POLLINATION = Plant Reproduction
Margin - edge of leaf
Brightly colored & fragrant to attract bees,
Secondary vein - branches from main vein
insects, birds
Apex or tip - top of leaf
Pollination occurs by animals, wind, human
Base - bottom of leaf
activity
Monocots
Flowers
Sheath - portion of leaf blade surrounding
Dicots - typically have four or five sepals
stem
and/or petals, or multiples thereof
Ligule - “collar” extension of sheath curving
Monocots - typically come in threes or
around stem
multiples of three
Auricles - appendages that surround stem at
Flowers Contain 4 Parts
junction of blade and sheath
Sepals: small, green, leaflike structures
Cross-Section of A Leaf
located at the base of a flower - protects
Epidermis - protection of leaf tissue
opening bud and flower; supports petals; also
Cuticle - waxy substance (cutin) protects
called a calyx
leaf from dehydration
Petals: highly colored portions of a flower to
Guard cells - open and close, regulate
attract pollination
passage of H2O, O2, and CO2
Stamen: male part of the flower
Stoma - openings in leaf surface
Pistil: female part of the flower
Mesophyll - middle layer of leaf, where
Female Part of the Flower (PISTIL)
photosynthesis occurs
Stigma: pollen-collecting structure at top of
Palisade layer - dense upper layer
pistil
Basic Botany Review – Roots - Stems - Leaves - Flowers – Seeds
Name:________________________
Style: support structure connecting ovary
Cross-fertilization, pollen and ovules come
and stigma
from genetically different plants.
Ovary: enlarged base of the pistil contains
Cross-pollination is useful in plant breeding
ovules (eggs), if an egg is fertilized, the ovule
Some plants cannot self-pollinate.
develops into a seed.
Some plants have distinct male and female
Pollination: pollen is collected at stigma,
individuals.
travels down style and reaches the ovary
Asexual Reproduction
Male parts of the flower
Vegetative reproduction is asexual
Stamen:
a= without
Anther: pollen sac - located at top of
Three types of cuttings:
structure. …..Contains pollen
Tip cutting
Filament: stalk supporting anther, holds the
Leaf section, leaf petiole, or cutting veins
anther in position, making the pollen available
Cutting of roots
for dispersement by wind, insects, or birds
Ensure new plants are identical to parent
Types of Flowers
plants
Complete/Perfect: flower with all four parts
Maintain desirable species
Incomplete/Imperfect: flower missing any
Common types of asexual propagation
of the four parts
Cuttings - portion of plant removed and
Plants are classified by reproduction life spans
forms roots (shrubs/houseplants)
Annual: completes life cycle in one year
Grafting - shoot removed from parent plant
Biennial: 2 year life cycle. Grows
and placed on another (apple/fruit trees)
vegetation in one year. Flowers and dies off
Budding - bud removed from parent plant
second year
and placed on stock (fruit trees/ornamentals
Perennial: life span of 2 + years
roses)
SEXUAL & ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Division - clumps of plants dug up and
Sexual: Propagation is by seed
separated (hostas, mums, lilies)
Asexual: Propagation is the increase of
Rhizomes - rhizomes dug up, cut into
plants by vegetative methods.
sections and planted (iris)
Sexual Reproduction
Stolon - new plants root at nodes
Advantages
(strawberries
more economical
easier
SEEDS
longer storage time
Sexual Reproduction
Disadvantages
Requires flowers to form, pollination &
do not breed true
fertilization to occur, seeds develop and grow
slow growth
Pollen from anther falls on stigma of pistil
do not produce viable seeds
from anther of stamen
How do pollen grains fertilize the ovules?
Fertilization occurs in ovary
Pollen grains are carried by wind, water, or
Ovary develops into fruit and ovules
animals
become seed
Pollen lands on stigma, pollen tubes move
Seeds are living or dormant
toward ovary
3 parts:
Fertilization happens in ovary
–seed coat
Embryo is formed
–endosperm/cotyledon
Embryo grows outward and forms fruit or
–embryo
seed
Parts of the Seed
Sexual Reproduction
Seed Coat
Self-fertilization, pollen and ovules are made
Protective outer covering of the seed
by the same plant.
Helps transport seeds and keep them viable
(alive)
Basic Botany Review – Roots - Stems - Leaves - Flowers – Seeds
Name:________________________
Endosperm
Tomatoes are a botanical fruit since they
Stores plant food (starch & protein)
develop from the flower, as do squash,
Feeds the growing embryo during
cucumbers, and eggplant
germination
DRY: (fruit wall becomes papery and hard)
Peanut (legumes), poppy (capsule), maple
Parts of the Seed
Cotyledon
(samara), and walnut (nut)
Seed leaf - first leaves seen on a plant.
Types of Fruit - Aggregate
Feeds the plant during first growth
Come from a single flower which has many
Dicots = 2
ovaries
Monocots = 1
Ovaries are fertilized separately and
Embryo
independently
New plant that develops as a result of
Strawberry and blackberry have an edible,
fertilization
enlarged receptacle
Epicotyl - forms all plant parts above the
Types of Fruit - Multiple
first node of the stem.
Tight cluster of separate, independent
Hypocotyl - forms the lower stem and roots
flowers on a single structure
Seeds
Each flower will have its own calyx and
Angiosperm— flowering plants, seeds are
corolla
borne in an enclosed ovary
Pineapple, fig and the beet seed
(some 250,000 species)
Gymnosperm— seeds of gymnosperms are
borne naked with no ovary (pines, spruces,
and ginkgo 700 species)
Germination
Seed coat softened by water
Favorable temperatures must exist
Endosperm feeds growing plant
Epicotyl - grows away from gravity
Hypocotyl - grows toward gravitational
attraction
Cotyledons
Monocots - (grasses); remains inside seed
for a longer period
Dicots - push up through the soil at
germination and act as true leaves
FRUIT
Fertilized and mature ovules = SEEDS
Ovary wall
Fleshy,
as in the apple, or dry and hard as in
a maple fruit
Seeds enclosed within the ovary
apples, peaches, oranges, squash, cucumbers
Seeds situated on outside of fruit tissue
corn, strawberry
Types of Fruit - Simple
Develop from a single ovary
Cherries and peaches (drupe), pears and
apples (pome), and tomatoes (berries)