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Chapter 12 DNA and RNA What is DNA? Every new cell that develops in your body needs an exact copy of the _____ from the ________. All organisms must be able to pass copies of their DNA on to their offspring in order to _________________. The structure of DNA is related to ______ primary functions: 1) ____________________________________________ 2) _________________________________________ DNA Structure DNA and RNA are __________ (repeating subunits) of _________. DNA is made of two long strands, in the shape of a _______________________ or twisted ladder, of a chain of nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made of _______ parts: 1) ___________ (________________) (s) 2) ______________________ (p) 3) ____________________ (G, C, A, T) The nitrogen base can be any one of the following four bases: 1) Adenine 2) Guanine 3) Thymine 4) Cytosine “A” Always goes with “___” (held together by ____________ bonds) “G” always goes with “____” (held together by ____________ bonds) Adenine and Guanine are Purines (_______________ rings of carbon) Thymine and Cytosine are Pyrimidines (____________ ring of carbon) In 1953 two scientists figured the shape of the DNA molecule was a double helix: ____________ (currently participating in the ___________________ in CA) and __________. ______________________ also helped. Replication = _____________________________, this happens in interphase This is the process of DNA duplication. The strand ___________ along the ________________ bonds, then the ________________ nucleotide attaches to the missing part. Adenine can only bond with _____________, while Cytosine can only bond with _____________________. What would the complimentary strand look like? C G A T T A C G T __________________________________________________ What is RNA? RNA or ______________________ has the primary function of ____________________________ and is ______ _______________________. It is __________________ from DNA in three ways: 1) It has only ___________________________________ instead of two 2) It has ___________________ as its sugar base instead of deoxyribose 3) It has the nitrogen base _______________________ instead of Thymine There are 3 types of RNA 1) ______________ or mRNA it serves as a template for the assembly of amino acids when proteins are made 2) _____________ or tRNA it is a folded back strand and can exist in 20 or more varieties, each bonding to only one specific amino acid 3) _____________ or rRNA is the glob-shaped form found on the ribosome. It assembles the amino acids in the correct order. TRANSCRIPTION = ___________________________________ RNA is produced from DNA through this process. ____________ means “to write across” A group of __sequential bases of mRNA is called a _________. A list of all 64 possible amino acids codons can be found in your textbook. TRANSLATION= ________________________ Translation takes place in the ______________. It is the process in which ______attaches to a ___________; tRNA which carries a specific ____________attaches its ___________ to the correct mRNA __________building a chain of amino acids which codes for a _____________. A protein may consist of hundreds or thousands of amino acids which codes for a specific protein, and all these amino acids must be arranged in a particular sequence for _________________________________________