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Ch 35 Plant Structure, Growth and Development Question Answer You are studying a plant from the arid southwestern United States. Development of large leaf surfaces to Which of the following adaptations is least likely to have evolved in absorb water response to water shortages? Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up root hairs from the soil? An evolutionary adaption that increases exposure of a plant to light in apical dominance a dense forest is.... A person working with plants may remove apical dominance by... pruning Land plants are not composed of what tissue? mesodermal tissues. Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except cambium cells What functional plant cells lack a nucleus? xylem and sieve-tube cells Long, thin tapered cells with lignified cell walls that function in sclerenchyma support and permit water to flow through pits Living cells that lack nuclei and ribosomes: they transport sugars and sieve cells other organic nutrients The least specialized plant cells, which serve general metabolic, Parenchyma synthetic, and storage functions Cells with unevenly thickened primary walls hat support stillCollenchyma elongating parts of the plant Mature cells without protoplasts with thick, lignified secondary walls Sclerenchyma that may not function in transport Which of the following is not a characteristic of parenchyma cells? Have secondary thickenings Which of the following tissues is incorrectly matched with its collenchyma- uniformly thick-walled characteristics? supportive tissues The fiber cells of plants are a type of sclerenchyma The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder root is stele called One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is anatomy of leaves is that.. absent in roots the photosynthetic cells in the interior of a leaf are what kind of cells: parenchyma A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells Parenchyma have numerous chloroplasts. What types of cells are these? Secondary growth is produced by both Which of the following is true about secondary growth in plants? the vascular cambium and the cork cambium A friend has discovered a new plant and brings it to you to classify. h eplant has the following characteristics a taproot system with growth Woody eudicot rings evident in cross section and a layer of bark around the outside. It is? cell elongation localized in each Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to.. internod Axillary buds develop from meristematic cells left by the apical meristem Gas exchange, necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in spongy mesophyll which leaf tissue? root cap, apical meristem, zone of cell What is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root division, zone of elongation, and zone of upward? maturation Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its structure and Pericycle- waterproof ring of cells function? surrounding the stele in roots Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots? Pericycle Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called: stomata Which of the following is a true statement about growth in plants some plants secondary growth Which of the following cell types are correctly matched with their companion cell-formation of secondary functions except... xylem and phloem What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree? secondary xylem 3 rings of the xylem and 1 rings of the The vasclar system of a three-year-old eudicot stem consists of phloem Which of the following is true of bark? It is composed of phloem plus periderm. Suppose Geroge completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree xylem down. Plant lived for several weeks but then died. What tissue was left? Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root vascular cambium originates from which cells? Before differentiation can begin during the process of plant cell and undergo differentiation tissue culture, parenchyma cells from the source tissue must In leaves, chloroplasts are found in palisade mesophyll ------- provides cells for secondary growth. Vascular cambium Secondary grrowth never occurs in leaves How is he supply of vascular cambium maintained? Through the division of cells Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue? companion cell-ground tissue Wood consists of secondary xylem. Which of the following is not part of an older tree's bark? secondary xylem Secondary xyelm, leaves, trichomes, Which of the following arises from meristematic activity and tubers (all of the above) ------ is to xylem as ---- is to phloem. vessel element; sieve-tube member. The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is due elongation of cells behind the root apical primarily to: meristem. ------ provides cells for primary growth apical meristems Ch 36 Transport in Vascular Plants Question Answer Which of the following would least likely to affect osmosis in plants? receptor proteins in the membrane slow movement through the lipid bilayer Active transport involves all of the following except the of a membrane Like many plants process, transport of various material in plans at the xylem membranes cellular level requires all of the following except: flow of water out of a cell, flow of water Which of the following is an example of osmosis? between cells The amount and direction of movement of water in plants can always water potential be predicted by measuring which of the following? Which of the following is true concerning the water potential of a It is equal to zero when the cell is in plant cell? pure water and is turgid. Your laboratory partner has an open beaker of pure water. By zero definition, the water potential of this water is? air pressure, water-attracting matrices Which of the following has an effect on water potential in plants? and dissolved solutes If Wp =.3 MPa and Ws = -.45 then this equals -.15 MPa The value for water potential in a root was found to be -.15 MPa. If you take the tissue and place it in a solution of sucrose with a -.23, from the tissue into the sucrose water will flow where? COmpared to a cell with a few aquarporins in its membrane, a cell have a faster rate of osmosis containing many aquaporins will... Some botanists agree tha the entire plant should be considered a single unit rather than a composite of may individual cells. Which of the tonoplast following cellular structures cannot be used to support this view? It depends on the force of gravity on a Which of the following statements is false about bulk flow? column of water. It transports mainly sugars and amino Which of the following statements about xylem is incorrect? acids Which of the following would likely not contribute to the surface area endodermis (they are water resistant and available for water absorption from the soil by a plant root system? waxy) Root hairs are most important to a plant because they ... increase the surface area for absorption What is the role of proton pumps in root hair cells? acquire minerals form the soil It ensures that all water and dissolved In plant roots, the casparian e strip is correctly described by which of substance must pass through a cell the following? before entering the stele All of the following describe an important component of the longendodermis Casparian strip distance transport process in plants except the normal symbiotic fungi are not Pine seedlings grow in sterile potting soil grow much slower than present in the sterilized soil and water seedlings grown in soil from the are where the seeds were collected. and mineral uptake is faster when This is most likely because: mycorrhizae are present. A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to the endodermis root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. this living cell would be part of what structure? The following factos may sometimes play a role int he movement of sap through the xylem. Which one depends on the direct expenditure of ATP by the plant? What is the main cause of guttation in plants One is the most likely to see guttation in small plants when the.. What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree? In which plant cell or tissue would the pressure component of water potential most often be negative? Water potential is generally most negative in which of the following part of a plant? Which of the following has the lowest (most negative) water potential? Which of the following is responsible for the cohesion of water molecules concentration of ions in the symplast root pressure root pressure exceeds transpiration pull evaporation of water through the stoma stem xylem mesophyll cells of the leaf leaf air spaces hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule Active transport would be least important in the normal functioning of stem xylem which of the following plant tissue types? help balance the photosynthesisGuard cells do which of the following? transpiration compromise All of the following normally enter the plant through the roots except: carbon dioxide stomata close, preventing CO2 entry Photosynthesis begins to decline when leaves wilt because into the leaf The water lost during transpiration is an unfortunate side effect of the plant's exchange of gases. However, the plant derive some benefit evaporative cooling and increased turgor from this water loss in the form of.. Ignoring all other factors, what kind of day would result in the fastest warm, dry day delivery of water and minerals to the leaves of a tree? If the guard cells and surrounding cells in a plant are deficient in leaf temperatures would decrease potassium ions, all of the following would occur except.. an increase in the osmotic concentration The opening of stomata is thought to involve... of the guard cells Which of the following experimental procedures would most likely Increasing the level of carbon dioxide reduce transpiration while allowing the normal growth of a plant? around the plant. All of the following are adaptation that help reduce water loss from a transpiration plant except.. Phloem transport of sucrose can be describe as going from "source to mature leaf sink". Which of the following would not normally function as a sink? Which of the following is a correct statement about sugar movement Movement can occur both upward and in phloem? down in the plant. Phloem transport is described as being from source to sink. Which of Phloem transports sugars from the leaf the following would most accurately complete this statement about source to the apical meristem sink. transport? Phloem transport --- from the --- source to the--- sink. Explain the mass flow of materials in the phloem? Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube because Which one of the following statements about transport of nutrients in phloem is false? According to the pressure flow hypothesis of phloem transport, Which of these involves a symbiotic relationship? ------ increase the surface area of roots. In roots the ------- forces water and solutes through the plasma membranes of the ----- cells before entering the -------. Sugars move from leaves into the ------ of ----- by ------. The water pressure that pulse water and sugar from sugar source to sugar sink is referred to as ----. Transpiration in plants requires all of the following except Which of the following is an advantage of tracheids over vessels for long-distance transport to great heights? Guard cells are the only cells in the epidermis that contain chloroplasts and can undergo photosynthesis. This is important because... leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis; Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf; Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes; water diffuses into the sieve tubes; sugars moves down the stem sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic Companion cells control the rate and direction of movement of phloem sap. solute move from a high concentration in the "source" to a lower concentration in the "sink" mycorrhizae Root hairs and mycorrhizae Casparian strip; endodermis; xylem Sugars move from leaves into the sievetube members of the phloem by active transport. bulk flow active transport through xylem cells. Adhesive forces are proportionally greater in narrower cylinders than in wider cylinders and Cohesive forces are greater in narrow tubes than in wide tubes of the same height. ATP is required to power proton pumps in the guard cell membranes. Ch 37 Plant Nutrition Question Which of the following describes the fate of most of the water taken up by a plant? Most of the dry weight of a plant is the result of uptake of: Organic molecules make up what percentage of the dry weight of a plant? In hydroponic culture, what is the purpose of bubbling air into the solute? Which two elements make up more than 90% of the dry weight of plants? The bulk of a plant's dry weight is derived from... What are the three main elements of which plant growth and development depend? Which of the following elements is incorrectly paired with its function in a plant? In the nutrition of a plant, which element is classified as a macronutrient? Reddish-purple coloring of leaves, especially along the margins of young leaves, is a typical symptom of deficiency of which element? Answer It is lost during transpiration CO2 through stomata in leaves 96% to provide oxygen to root cells oxygen and carbon CO2 oxygen, carbon, hydrogen sulur- component of DNA; activates some enzymes calcium P Which of the following is not true of micronutrients in plants? They are essential elements of small size and molecular weight. A growing plant exhibits hclorosis of the leaves of the entire plant. The chlorosis is probably deficiency of which of the following macronutrients? nitrogen What is meant by the term chlorosis? the yellowing of leaves due to decreased production Iron deficiency is often indicated by chlorosis in newly formed leaves. This suggests that ... A soil well suited for the growth of most plant would have all the following properties except ... What soils is are the most fertile... Why does overwatering a plant kill it? What should be added to soil to prevent minerals from leaching away? The N-P-K percentages on a package of fertilizer refer to the... A young farmer purchases some land in a relatively arid area and is interested in earning a reason profit for many years. which of the following strategies would best allow such a goal to be achieved? A farming commitment that embraces a variety of methods that are conservation-minded, environmentally safe, and profitable... An early use of indicator plants (plants that tolerate high levels of heavy metals in the soil) was to locate potential profitable areas to mine for those minerals. A current use for such plants is: Nitrogen fixation is a process that.. Why is nitrogen fixation such an important process? iron is an immobile nutrient in plants a high pH both humus and loam. The roots drowned (cannot get air) humus percentages of three important mineral nutrients. selecting crops adapted to arid areas sustainable agriculture bioremediation to help clean up mine soils. converts nitrogen gas to ammonia. fixed nitrogen is most often the limiting In what way do nitrogen compounds differ from other minerals needed by plants? Most crop plants acquire their nitrogen mainly in the form of... The enzyme complex nitrogenase catalyzes the reaction that reduces atmospheric nitrogen to... The most efficient way to increase essential amino acids in crop plants for human consmption... Among important crop plants, nitrogen-fixing root nodules are most commonly an attribute of ... If a legume is infected with rhizobium, what is the probable effect on the plant? factor in plant growth Only nitrogen requires the action of bacteria to be made available to plants. NO3NH3 breed for higher yield of deficient amino acids. legumes It obtains nitrogen from nitrogen fixation. You are weeding your garden when you accidentally expose some roots. You notice swellings (root nodules) on the roots. Most likely your plant is benefiting from a mutualistic bacterium. .. Flavonoids trigger gene-regulating protein How do legume plant roots communicate Rhizobium bacteria.. in bacterium. A woodlot was sprayed with a fungicide. What would the most serious a decrease in tree growth due to death effect on such spraying mycorrhizae What is the mutualistic association between roots and fungi called? mycorrhizae Hyphae form a covering over roots. Altogether hyphae create a large aid in absorbing minerals and ions surface area and do which of the following? Ectomycorrhizae do not penetrate root Which of the following is a primary difference between ectomycorrhizae cells, whereas endomycorrhizae grow into and endomycorrhizae? invaginations of the root cell membranes. The earliest vascular plants on land had underground stems (rhizomes) absorption by symbiotic fungi but no roots. Water and mineral nutrients were most likely obtained by... Dwarf mistletoe grows on many pine trees in the Rockies. Although the mistletoe is green, it is probably not sufficiently active in photosynthesis a parasite. to produce all the sugar it needs. The mistletoe also produces haustoria. So it is best classified as plants that grow on other plants but do not What are epiphytes? obtain nutrients from their hosts Carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms that trap and digest small animals. The products of this digestion are used to supplement the plant's supply of ... What process is the source of the CO2 that root hairs release into the soil? Roots expend ATP to pump ________ ions from the root to the soil and by doing so displace mineral ions bound to soil particles. Acid precipitation.. Denitriifying bacteria covert ------- to -------. minerals cellular respiration H+ decreases soil fertility nitrates: nitrogen gas Ch 38 Angiosperm Reproduction Question Answer The products of meiosis in plants are always which of the following? spores Which of the following is the correct sequence during alternation of generations in a flowering plant? sporophyte-meiosis-gametophyte-gametes-fertilizationdiploid zygote Which of the following is true in plants? Meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spore All of the following are features of angiosperms except: a small (reduced) sporophyte Based on studies of plant evolution, which flower is not a modified leaf? receptacle All of the following floral parts are directly involved in pollination except the: sepal Floral parts would have the greatest impact on pollination? Sepal or Petal A mutation in which of the following floral parts would have the greatest potential impact on fertilization? Stamen or carpel Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower? sepals, petals, stamens, carpels. All of the following are primary functions of flowers except: photosynthesis Meiosis occurs within all of the following flower parts except the... style A perfect flower is fertile but may be either complete or incomplete. Which of the following correctly describes a perfect flower? It has both stamen and carpels. Carpellate flowers.. develop into fruits which of the following types of plants is not able to self-pollinate? dioecious. In flowering plants, pollen is released from the ... anther In the life cycle of an agiosperm, which of the following stages is diploid.. microsporocyte Where does meiosis occur in flowering plants? megasporocyte and microsporocyte Which of the following is a correct sequence of processes that takes place when a flowering plant reproduces? meiosis, pollination, nuclear fusion, formation of embryo and endosperm Which of these is incorrectly paired with its life-cycle generation? anther- gametophyte Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in a pollen sac? microsporocyte-meiosis-microspores-mitosis-two haploid cells per pollen grain Which of the following occurs in an angiosperm ovule? A megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis. Where and by which process are sperm produced in plants? Mitosis in male gametophytes In which of the following pairs are the two terms equivalent? embryo sac -- female gametophyte Which of the following is the male gametophyte of a flowering plant? pollen grain In flowering plants, a mature male gametophyte contains... two sperm nuclei and one tube cell nucleus. Within the female gametophyte, three mitotic divisions of the megaspore produce.. three antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, one egg, and two synergids The largest cell(s) of the typical angiosperm embryo sac is (are) the.. central cell Which cells, after fertilization, give rise to the embryo plant? egg cell Which cells becomes the triploid endosperm? polar nuclei Which cells guide the pollen tube to the egg cell tube cell What is the relationship between pollination and fertilization in plants? Pollination brings gametophytes together so that fertilization can occur Recent research has shown that pollination requires that carpels recognize pollen gains as "self or non self". For self-incompatibility, the rejection of self cells the system requires As flowers develop, which transition does not occur? The tube nucleus becomes a sperm nucleus. The integuments of an ovule function to do what? form a seed coat A fruit includes one or more seeds and has fleshy cells rich in sugars. What is typically the result of double fertilization in angiosperms? Both a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm are formed. Which of the following statements regarding the endosperm is false? It develops from the fertilized egg. In angiosperms, products of the terminal cell become the: proembryo and the coteyledons Which of the following statements is correct about the basal cell in a It forms the suspensor that anchors the embryo. zygote? What is the embryonic root called? radicle Which of the following "vegetables" is botanically a fruit? green beans Which of these structures is unique to the seed of a monocot? coleoptile Which of the following statements about fruits is false? Fruits form from microsporangia and integuments Fruits develop from ovaries The first step in germination of a seed is usually imbibition of water When seeds germinate the radicle emerges before the shoot. This allows the seedling to quickly... obtain a dependable water supply Which of the following is not true of the hypocotyl hook? It is the first structure to emerge from a eudicot seed. In plants, which of the following could be an advantage of sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction? genetic variation Which of the following is true about vegetative reproduction? It produces clones. Which of the following is a true statement about clonal reproduction Making cuttings of ornamental plans is a form of in plants? fragmentation. All of the following could be considered advantages of asexual reproduction in plants except.. adaptation of change. Which of the following statements is true of protoplast fusion? It can be used to form new plant varieties by combining genomes from two plants. Which of the following statements is correct about protoplast fusion? It can be used to form new plant species. The most immediate potential benefits of introducing genetically modified crops include.. increasing crop yield. The monetary costs of growing genetically modified Which of the following is not a scientific concern relating to creating plants are significantly greater than traditional breeding genetically modified crops? techniques. Currently available transgenic plants have been modified for all of the following traits except.. nitrogen fixation. Flowers are made of modified.. leaves Which of these is unique to the flowering plants? double fertilization. What is endosperm? a food-storing tissue of the seed ________ is the first event in seed formation pollination. Which of the following statements is true about transgenic plants? They contain genes from more than one species. Ch 39 Plant Response to Internal and External Signals Question Answer The step(s) between a plant's perception of a change in the environment and the plant's response to that change is (are) best signal transduction called.. Plants adjust their growth and development in Which of the following statement is (are) true of plants? response to environmental cues. External stimuli would be received most quickly by a plant cell if the cell membrane. receptors for signal transduction were located in the... Secondary messengers are associated with which of the following? transduction Having each receptor molecule produce In a signal transduction pathway, the transduction stage amplifies the multiple secondary messengers and having original signal by... each secondary messenger activate numerous specific enzymes. What would happen if the secondary messenger cGMP was blocked Ca 2+ channels could open, and specific in the de-etiolation pathway? protein kinase 2 could still be produced If protein synthesis was blocked in eitiolated cells, what would be post-translational modification of existing necessary for any de-etiolation to occur? proteins Charles and Francis Darwin concluded from their experiments on photropism by grass seedlings that the part of the seedling that tip of the coleoptile. detects the direction of light is the... Pants growing in a partially dark environment will grow toward light Auxin causes a decrease in growth on the side in a response called phototropism. Choose the incorrect statement of the stem exposed to light. regarding phototropism: Which of these conclusions is supported by the research of both Went A chemical substance involved in shoot and Charles and Frances Darwin on shoot responses to light? bending is produced in shoot tips. We know from the experiments of the past that plants bend toward cell expansion is greater on the dark side of light because the stem. Plant hormones can be characterized by all of the following except function independently of other hormones that they: All of the above make the study of plant Why is it so difficult to study the actions of plant hormones? hormones difficult. auxin can stimulate cell elongation in apical Plant hormones can have different effects at different concentrations. meristems, yet will inhibit the growth of This explains how ... axillary buds. Which plant hormones might be used to enhance stem elongation and auxins and gibberellins. fruit growth? increasing wall plasticity and allowing the According to the acid growth hypothesis, auxin works by.. affected cell wall to elongate. Which of the following hormones would be most useful in promoting auxins the rooting of plant cuttings? Which plant hormone(s) is (are) most closely associated with cell cytokinin division? One effect of gibberellins is to stimulate cereal seeds to produce ... amylase In attempting to make a seed break dormancy, one logically could gibberellins. treat it with.. Both and red and blue light are involved in... stem elongation. Most plants close their stomata at night. What color of light would be most effective in promoting stomatal opening in the middle of the blue night? The biological clock controlling circadian rhythms must ultimately ... Plants often use changes in day length (photoperiod) to trigger events such as dormancy and flowering. It is logical that plants have evolved this mechanism because photoperiod changes: Plants often use changes in day length (photoperiod) to trigger events such as dormancy and flowering. It is logical that plants have evolved this mechanism because photoperiod changes: A botanist exposed two groups of the same plant species to two photoperiods-one with 14 hours of light and 10 hours of dark and the other with 10 hours of light and 14 hours of dark. Under the first set of conditions, the plants flowered, why? In order to flower, a short-day plant needs a.. A long-day plant is if.. affect gene transcription. are more predictable than air temperature changes. are more predictable than air temperatures. The plants flower in the spring. night that is longer than certain length. the duration of continuous darkness is less than a critical length Plants that have their flowering inhibited by being exposed to bright short-day plants. lights at night are: If you take a short-day plant and put it in a lab under conditions where it will flower (long nights and short days), but interrupt its day It will flower. period with a few minutes of darkness, what will happen? Florigen is a flowering signal, not yet chemically identified, found in: leaves. What do results of research on gravitropic responses of roots and stems show? If you wanted to genetically engineer a plant to be more resistant to drought, increasing amounts of which of the following hormones might be a good first attempt? The initial response of the root cells of a tomato plant watered with seawater would be to.. Plants are affected by an array of pathogens. Which of the following is not a plant defense against disease? The breakdown of chlorophyll reveals the ________ pigments of a leaf... The protective layer that forms between the abscission layer and the stem consists of ... After leaf abscission, growth will resume from the.. What is the specific term that refers to seasonal changes in the relative lengths of night and day? Day-neutral plants flower regardless of... Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its function? Buds and sprouts often form on tree stumps. Which of the following hormones would you expect to stimulate their formation? How might a plant respond to severe heat stress? The effect of a plant hormone can depend on the tissue. abscisic acid begin to plasmolyze as water is lost. All of the above are plant defenses against disease. carotenoid weak, colorless, thin-walled cells. petiole photoperiod day length, night length, or photoperiod. cytokinins—initiate programmed cell death cytokinins By producing heat-shock proteins, which may protect the plants proteins from denaturing.