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Notes: Kingdom Animalia PreAP
Members of the kingdom Animalia are _______________, ______________,
heterotrophs whose cells lack cell walls. Most are _______________.
Like all other organisms, animals maintain homeostasis, or a stable internal
environment. Homeostasis is maintained by ________________________, which is a process
in which the result limits the process. Think of a thermostat and how it cools the room.
Complex animals tend to have high levels of cell __________________. Other characteristics of complex animals:
1. _______________ ________________ –have __________________________________ sides that are the same.
2. ___________________________- have a front end or head with a concentration of _______________________.
3. _______________ - have a true body cavity lined with mesoderm (We will learn what makes a true coelom
later.)
4. Segmentation- different parts of the body are specialized for different _______________ (ex: our head holds
sense organs, circulation and respiration is focused in the chest, movement carried out by our arms and legs)
2 Types of Animals:
1. Invertebrates: ___________________________________________________________________
2. Vertebrates: ____________________________________________________________________
Animal Survival
When studying animals, we will differentiate and classify them based on some of their structures and functions for
survival.
1. Feeding- ___________________________ strain floating organisms from the water, all else ingest their food
through the mouth and then excrete waste through the anus.
2. Respiration- gas exchange can occur by diffusion through __________ called _______________________,
across __________, or in __________
3. Circulation- ____________ (only partially within vessels) or _____________ circulation (all enclosed in vessels)
4. Excretion- various methods of ridding the body of ______________________; Example: sweat and urine
5. Response- nervous tissue arrangement (eventually into a brain)
6. Movement- some cannot move (____________________), some can move (_____________________)
7. Reproduction- _________________________; some even can do both methods or switch sexes in their lifetimes
Embryologic Development:
During sexual reproduction, the egg and the sperm come together to form a ______________, or
fertilized egg. The egg then begins to divide many times by ____________ until it becomes a
_____________________, a solid ball of cells, and then eventually becomes a ______________, or a
hollow ball of cells. The cavity inside the blastula is called the _______________________. The
blastula begins to fold in to form a tiny hole, called a ________________________, which eventually
becomes an opening to the digestive tract. The blastopore continues to fold inward, which runs down the
length of the embryo called the _______________________, or “ancient gut”, which becomes the
digestive tract. The hollow ball with the archenteron is called a ______________________________.
There are 2 fates that the blastopore can take:
1. Protostome: __________________________________________________________________
2. Deuterostome: ________________________________________________________________
Cells form in 3 layers called germ layers.
1. Endoderm: inner; forms the lining of the ___________________________________________
2. Mesoderm: middle; forms _______________________________________________________
____________________________________
3. Ectoderm: outer; forms _________________________________________________________
**Depending on how the three germ layers develop, a body cavity or coelom may form around the digestive tract. A true
coelom is completely lined in _________________________. The evolutionary advantage of a coelom is that it provides a
space for the internal organs to be __________________ and not be pressed upon by muscles or twisted out of shape by body
movements. A ___________________________, or false coelom, is only partially lined in ___________________.
Body Symmetry:
There are two types of symmetry
1. ______________ Symmetry: body part repeats around the center of the body (like a star fish)
2. ______________ Symmetry: the body can be divided into two equal halves (like a human being)
The 11 Phyla of Invertebrates:
1. Porifera: sponges

___________________________

___________________________
2. Cnidarians: corals, jellyfish, hydras

soft bodies,

carnivorous animals that have ________________________; has a
___________________ for feeding and gas exchange

life cycle in two phases – polyp (___________________) and medusa (looks like jellyfish________________________)
3. Ctenophora
 Resemble medusa of Cnidarians, but differ in cell layers
 ________________________ symmetrical
 Two long ___________________________ that aide in feeding and movement
 All marine
4. Platyhelminthes: flatworms: flukes, tubellarians, tapeworms

Some free-living, some parasitic

Have no body cavity- ___________________________

Has a single opening into the digestive tract (_____________________)
. 5. Rotifera: rotifers, “wheel animals”
 Under 1mm in length
 Use __________________ for feeding
 have a false body cavity called a __________________
4. Nematoda: round worms

unsegmented worms

some cause disease, such as _______________________

have a pseudocoelom
5. Annelida: segmented worms: earthworms, leeches

___________________________

free-living
6. Mollusca:

soft bodies with__________________________________

3 groups:
o
________________________: snails, slugs, limpits, nudibranchs
o
________________________: clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
o
________________________: octopus, squid, nautilus, cuttlefish
7. Arthropods:

Tough ________________________________ skeleton, segmented body

______________________________________________________

4 groups:
o
___________________: 2 pairs of antennae, chewing mouthparts; includes crawfish, lobsters,
shrimp, barnacles
o
___________________: 2 body parts, 4 pairs of walking legs; includes spiders, horseshoe crabs,
ticks, mites
o
___________________: millipedes and centipedes
o
_________________: three body segments and three pairs of walking legs; 73% of all animals
8. Echinodermata: sea urchins, sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars

Means “spiny skin”

____________________________

internal skeleton

_________________- little suction cups that help in walking and feeding
9. Chordata: sea squirts, lancelets

We will cover chordates in more detail in another set of notes
For dissection purposes, the anatomical directions of the body must be known:
_________________________: toward the head
_________________________: opposite the head, toward the tail/anus
_________________________: at the front of, in front, belly side
_________________________: behind, in the back of(top of the organism)
_________________________: away from the center of the body
Specialization
(yes/no)
Symmetry Body Cavity
(radial/bilateral)
Porifera
Cnideria
Ctenophora
Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata
ExoskeletonEndoskeletonHydrostatic skeleton-
(type if at all)
Protostome Digestion Segmentation Skeleton Examples Extra info
(yes/no)
Deuterostome