Download Notes_Biochemistry_Short_Course

Unit 2 – Biochemistry
Short Course
Background Info
Radioisotopes - Define a radioisotope.
IMPORTANT POINT TO KNOW: (not in text): Diagnostic radioisotopes are chosen based on 2
factors:
a. The target tissue
b. Shortest ½ life
Importance: These criteria are used to minimize damage to the healthy tissue from the
radiation. The purpose of the radiation is to damage the faster growing cancer cells or to
highlight the fast working cells but cause no additional damage to other cells.
Polarity
Page 34 - Describe in words what causes a molecule to be polar – this is a very important concept!!!
Sketch a diagram of ONE water molecule showing the features that make it polar.
Define a hydrogen bond and some examples of what they do that is important to the human body.
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS: Define: do ______ contain Carbon with Hydrogen together
(may have either one but NOT at the same time) - ___________________ compounds
I.
(pgs 36-37) Water - ___________________ % of body
Match each property of water with its description/importance
_____attracts molecules & forms hydration layers, provides excellent solvent properties
_____requires large amounts of heat energy to disrupt H bonds and cause phase change efficient cooling mechanism
_____absorbs & releases large amounts of heat before temp. change helps maintain body
temp. homeostasis
_____protects organs from physical trauma
_____uses in hydration and dehydration synthesis reactions to make other molecules
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a. cushioning
b. high heat capacity
c. polarity
d. high heat of vaporization
e. reactivity
II.
Salts (pg 37)
A.
Define: an ___________________ compound consisting of a cation & an anion.
B.
When dissolved in water (body fluids), they separate into ________________.
C.
Electrolytes are substances that ____________________________________.
Give 2 example processes of electrolyte/salt use in body
functioning:_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
III. Acids, Bases & Buffers
Define
pH range
Acid
Base
o
o
pH - A scale that runs from ___ to ___: & measures H+ ion concentration
Buffers - What do they do and why is this function so important? (pgs. 495-497)
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: Define: Contain _______ with ________ & most are
________________________ bonded & __________________ molecules
I. Carbohydrates (saccharide = sugar) ______% of body mass
A. Monosaccharides & Disaccharides: simple sugars used for
immediate energy
B. poly(many)saccharides
1. Larger size = lower solubility = storage forms of sugars
a. When in plant tissues: called __________________ & used by
humans for _______________
b. When in animal tissues: called ________________
- found in ________________ & _________________ and used
for _______________________________________________
C. What has to happen to the disaccharides & polysaccharides before the body can
use them?
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Define each type of reaction above:
II. Lipids - see table 2.2
A. Nonpolar - Similar to carbs in structure but more energy rich – 3 main types
 Why are lipids not soluble in water? Be specific
B. neutral fats (AKA. triglycerides) – List the 4 main functions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
C. phospholipids
1. phospho- part is _____________ while lipid part is ____________________
2. Uses:
D. steroids
1. All have a ___________________ ring structure & are vital to homeostasis
2. Example steroid: Cholesterol Info:
E. fat soluble vitamins
a. list the 4:
b. Why is it easier to overdose on these than on water-soluble vitamins?
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III. Proteins
A. ________% of cell mass: Wide variety of Functions
B. Building blocks are ____________ connected together with ____________ bonds.
C. The ____________& _______________ of amino acids determine unique
properties (just as the type & sequence of letters determine unique words).
General use
Soluble in
H2O?
Chemically
active?
Examples
Structural
proteins
Functional
proteins
D. Enzymes
1. Functional proteins depend on their___________________________ which
depends on ________________
2. What determines enzyme specificity?
3. Enzymes act as a catalyst which increases the speed of rxn by lowering
the ______________________________________
E. List the 2 causes and 3 results of protein denaturation.
IV. ATP – chemical energy universally usable by all cells
V. DNA & RNA - Collectively provides instructions to make every protein in the body
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