Download DNA Prot Syn Engineer

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DNA, Protein Synthesis, and Genetic Engineering Retest Questions
List and discuss the structure for nucleic acids and nucleotides.
Identify and describe the structure of the purines and pyrimidines.
What are Chargaff’s rules?
Describe the Watson and Crick model of DNA structure. How did it fit the data provided by Chargaff and the
X-ray diffraction pattern?
Explain how DNA replicates semiconservatively.
How does the antiparallel structure of the double helix affect replication? In your answer, be sure to include
discussion of leading strand, lagging strand, and Okazaki fragments.
Discuss the purpose of the following enzymes: DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, primase, helicase
List and discuss differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication of DNA.
Explain why the replication process is a source of few mutations (mismatch repair and excision repair).
What are the biochemical differences between RNA and DNA?
What are two steps required for the expression of a gene? Briefly explain the process of each
Explain why it takes 61 codons to code for 20 amino acids.
What are the specific steps that occur during transcription of RNA off a DNA template? Be sure to include
the major enzymes involved.
How is messenger RNA (mRNA) processed before leaving the eukaryotic nucleus?
Compare the functions of mRNA, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis.
What are the specific events of translation? Break up your discussion in these three groups: Initiation,
Elongation, and Termination.
What is a polysome (polyribosome)?
How and why are mRNA ends modified?
What is RNA splicing, why is it done, and what enzymes facilitates this job?
Describe the parts of an operon and what does each part do.
Contrast inducible and repressible operons.
How do histones and methylation contribute to the control of genes?
Contrast heterochromatin and euchromatin
What does a DNA enhancer and activators do?
Compare and contrast the role/function of miRNA and siRNA.
What are Barr bodies, and why do they form?
Explain the term epigenetics and its significance.
Explain the difference between point mutations and frameshift mutations
Explain the difference between recombinant DNA and Complementary DNA.
Explain the following terms- restriction enzymes, plasmids, sticky ends. In addition to your answer, make a
diagram that shows these three terms.
Explain how plasmids may be used in cloning of DNA segments and then as a vector (transport of the gene
to a cell).
What is gel electrophoresis? How is it used?
What is Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): How is the process done?
What are the advantages of PCR over cloning via plasmids?
What does in vitro mean?
What is the purpose of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP Analysis)? How would this
technology be used in conjunction with DNA Fingerprinting? (NOT IN TEXTBOOK. Do your own research)
Why are transgenic plants and animals being developed?
Why are the genomes of different species being compared?
What is gene therapy, and how do they compare and differ?