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Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 13th ed.
Chapter 3: Cells
Chapter 3: Cells
I. Introduction
(Outcome 3.1.1) A. An adult human body consists of about ___________________ cells.
(Outcome 3.1.1) B. There are at least ___________________________ varieties of cells.
(Outcome 3.1.1) C. Cells are measured in units called ___________________________ .
(Outcome 3.1.1) D. A micrometer equals _____________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.1.1) E. A human egg cell is about ________________________ in diameter.
(Outcome 3.1.1) F. A red blood cell is about__________________________ in diameter.
(Outcome 3.1.1) G. Cells have different, distinctive shapes that make possible their
_______________________________________________________________________ .
II. A Composite Cell
A. Introduction
(Outcome 3.2.2) 1. It is not possible to describe a typical cell because _________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.2) 2. A composite cell includes ____________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.2) 3. The three major parts of a cell are ______________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.2) 4. The nucleus is enclosed by ___________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.2) 5. The nucleus contains _______________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.2) 6. The cytoplasm is composed of specialized structures called
________________ that are suspended in a liquid called _____________.
(Outcome 3.2.2) 7. The cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus and is contained by the
_________________________________________________________________ .
B. Cell Membrane
1. General Characteristics
(Outcome 3.2.3) a. The cell membrane controls ____________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.3) b. The cell membrane is called selectively permeable
because
___________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.3) c. Signal transduction is _________________________ .
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2. Membrane Structure
(Outcome 3.2.3) a. The cell membrane is mainly composed of _________
___________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.3) b. The cell membrane has a double layer of __________ .
(Outcome 3.2.3) c. The surfaces of the cell membrane are formed by ____
___________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.3) d. The interior of the cell membrane is formed by ______
___________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.3) e. The phospholipid bilayer is permeable to ___________
___________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.3) f. The phospholipid bilayer is not permeable to ________
___________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.3) g. ______________ help to stabilize the cell membrane.
(Outcome 3.2.3) h. Five types of membrane proteins are ______________
___________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.3) i. Receptor proteins function to ___________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.3) j. Integral proteins function to _____________________
___________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.3) k. Enzymes of the membrane function in ____________ .
(Outcome 3.2.3) l. Cellular adhesion molecules function to ___________ .
(Outcome 3.2.3) m. Cell surface glycoproteins function to ____________ .
___________________________________________________________ .
3. Cellular Adhesion Molecules
(Outcome 3.2.3) a. Two examples of CAMs are ____________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.3) b. Selectin functions to __________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.3) c. Integrin functions to ___________________________
___________________________________________________________ .
C. Cytoplasm
(Outcome 3.2.4) 1. The cytoskeleton is _________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 2. Ribosomes are composed of __________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 3. Ribosomes are the sites of ___________________________ .
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(Outcome 3.2.4) 4. Unlike many of the other organelles, ribosomes are not
________________________________________________________________.
(Outcome 3.2.4) 5. Two places ribosomes are found are ___________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 6. The structure of endoplasmic reticulum is ________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 7. The function of endoplasmic reticulum is ________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 8. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ____________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 9. Proteins move from the ER to the _____________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 10. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is_____________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 11. SER contains enzymes that___________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 12. Vesicles are ______________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 13. Vesicles are formed by ______________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 14. Vesicles function to _______________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 15. Vesicle trafficking is _______________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 16. The structure of the Golgi apparatus is __________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 17. The Golgi apparatus functions to ______________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 18. The structure of mitochondria is _______________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 19. The two layers of a mitochondrion are __________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 20. Cristae are _______________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 21. Mitochondria function to ____________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 22. Lysosomes function to _____________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 23. Lysosomes contain ________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 24. Peroxisomes are most abundant in a cell of the ___________
and ______________________________________________________________ .
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(Outcome 3.2.4) 25. Peroxisomes contain ______________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 26. Peroxidases function to catalyze metabolic
reactions____________________________________________________.
(Outcome 3.2.4) 27. Peroxisomes also contain an enzyme
called_________ __________, which decomposes__________________.
(Outcome 3.2.4) 28. The structure of a centrosome is a _______________
Structure composed of two _____________________.
(Outcome 3.2.4) 29. A centrosome is usually located near the _______________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 30. Centrosomes function to ____________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 31. The structure of a cilium is __________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 32. The function of cilia is _____________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 33. The structure of a flagellum is _______________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 34. The function of flagella are _________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 35. Microfilaments are ________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 36. Microfilaments cause ______________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 37. Microtubules are __________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 38. Three functions of microtubules are ____________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.4) 39. Inclusions are ____________________________________ .
D. Cell Nucleus
(Outcome 3.2.5) 1. The nucleus contains _______________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.5) 2. Chromosomes are __________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.5) 3. The nucleus is enclosed by ___________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.5) 4. Nuclear pores are __________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.5) 5. __________________________ move through nuclear pores.
(Outcome 3.2.5) 6. Nucleoplasm is ____________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.5) 7. Two structures found in nucleoplasm are _________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.5) 8. The nucleolus is composed of ________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.5) 9. The nucleolus is the site of ___________________________ .
(Outcome 3.2.5) 10. Chromatin is _____________________________________ .
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III. Movements Into and Out of the Cell
A. Introduction
(Outcome 3.3.6) 1. The cell membrane controls __________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 2. Four types of physical processes are ____________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 3. Three types of physiological mechanisms are _____________
_________________________________________________________________ .
B. Diffusion
(Outcome 3.3.6) 1. Diffusion is _______________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 2. A concentration gradient is ___________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 3. Diffusional equilibrium is____________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 4. Substances diffuse _________________________ with a
concentration gradient.
(Outcome 3.3.6) 5. Two conditions that allow a substance to diffuse across a
membrane are ______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 6. In body cells, oxygen usually diffuses_______________a body
cell and carbon dioxide diffuses ______________________________ a body cell.
(Outcome 3.3.6) 7. A physiological steady state is _________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 8. Five substances that cross the cell membrane through simple
diffusion are _______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 9. The three most important factors that influence diffusion rate are _______
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 10. In general, diffusion is more rapid over _________ distances,
______________ concentration gradients, and at _______________ temperatures.
C. Facilitated Diffusion
(Outcome 3.3.6) 1. Facilitated diffusion requires _________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 2. Substances that move across the cell membrane through
facilitated diffusion are ______________________________________________ .
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(Outcome 3.3.6) 3. The hormone _________promotes facilitated diffusion of
glucose.
D. Osmosis
(Outcome 3.3.6) 1. Osmosis is ________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 2. Osmotic pressure is _________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 3. Water always tends to diffuse toward solutions of __________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 4. Isotonic solutions are _______________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 5. Hypertonic solutions are _____________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 6. Hypotonic solutions are _____________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 7. Cells __________________________ in hypertonic solutions.
(Outcome 3.3.6) 8. Cells __________________________ in hypotonic solutions.
E. Filtration
(Outcome 3.3.6) 1. The process of forcing molecules through a membrane is ____
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 2. Filtration is commonly used to separate _________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 3. In the body the force for filtration is produced by
________________________________________________________________ .
F. Active Transport
(Outcome 3.3.6) 1. Movement against a concentration gradient is ____________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 2. Active transport is similar to facilitated diffusion because ___
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 3. Substances that move across the cell membrane through active
transport are ______________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 4. Active transport requires cellular ______________________ .
G. Endocytosis
(Outcome 3.3.6) 1. Endocytosis is the process of _________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 2. Three forms of endocytosis are ________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 3. Pinocytosis is endocytosis of _________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 4. Phagocytosis is endocytosis of ________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 5. Phagocytes are ____________________________________ .
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(Outcome 3. 3.6) 6. Receptor-mediated endocytosis moves __________________
into the cell.
(Outcome 3.3.6) 7. In receptor-mediated endocytosis, a substance must bind to
a _________________________________________________________________
before it can enter the cell.
(Outcome 3.3.6) 8. A ligand is ________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 9. An example of a molecule that moves into a cell through
receptor-mediated endocytsosis is _____________________________________ .
H. Exocytosis
(Outcome 3.3.6) 1. Exocytosis is the reverse of __________________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 2. Cells secrete _______________________ through exocytosis.
(Outcome 3.3.6) 3. Nerve cells secrete __________________ through exocytosis.
I. Transcytosis
(Outcome 3.3.6) 1. Transcytosis moves substances _______________________ .
(Outcome 3.3.6) 2. A virus that uses transcytosis to infect humans is _________ .
IV. The Cell Cycle
A. Introduction
(Outcome 3.4.7) 1. The cell cycle is ___________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.7) 2. Daughter cells are __________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.7) 3. The four stages of the cell cycle are _____________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
B. Interphase
(Outcome 3.4.7) 1. During interphase, a cell _____________________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.7) 2. The phases of interphase are __________________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.7) 3. During the S phase, the cell is ________________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.7) 4. During the G phases, the cell is _______________________ .
C. Mitosis
(Outcome 3.4.7) 1. Mitosis is_________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.7) 2. In mitosis, the resulting daughter cells are _______________ .
(Outcome 3.4.7) 3. At the end of mitosis, each resulting daughter cell has
______________________________________________________ chromosomes.
(Outcome 3.4.7) 4. Meiosis is ________________________________________ .
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(Outcome 3.4.7) 5. The division of nuclear material is called ________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.7) 6. The division of cytoplasm is __________________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.8) 7. The four stages of mitosis are __________________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.8) 8. In prophase, centrioles move _________________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.8) 9. In prophase, the nuclear envelope _____________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.8) 10. In prophase, microtubules form ______________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.8) 11. In prophase, chromatin condenses into_________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.8) 12. Centromeres are __________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.8) 13. In metaphase, spindle fibers attach to ___________________
_________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.8) 14. In metaphase, the chromosomes align _________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.8) 15. In anaphase, the _____________ of the chromatids separate.
(Outcome 3.4.8) 16. In anaphase, chromosomes move toward _______________ .
(Outcome 3.4.8) 17. Telophase begins when _____________________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.8) 18. In telophase, a nuclear envelope ______________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.8) 19. In telophase, chromosomes begin to___________________ .
D. Cytoplasmic Division
(Outcome 3.4.8) 1. Cytoplasmic division begins in_________________________
and ends in _______________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.4.8) 2. ________ are responsible for pinching the cytoplasm in half.
(Outcome 3.4.8) 3. The resulting daughter cells have identical ______________ ,
but they may vary __________________________________________________ .
V. Control of Cell Division
(Outcome 3.5.9) A. Three cell types that divide continually are _____________________
_______________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.5.9) B. Neurons divide __________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.5.9) C. In laboratory conditions, cells divide _________________________ .
(Outcome 3.5.9) D. Telomeres are___________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.5.9) E. When chromosome tips wear down, a cell_____________________ .
(Outcome 3.5.9) F. Two types of proteins called ___________ also control cell division.
(Outcome 3.5.9) G. When a cell becomes too large to obtain nutrients, it is likely to
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_______________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.5.9) H. Two examples of external controls that influence cell division are
_______________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.5.9) I. Hormones are ___________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.5.9) J. Growth factors are ________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.5.9) K. Contact inhibition prevents ________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.5.9) L. A tumor results __________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.5.9) M. A benign tumor is ________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.5.9) N. A malignant tumor is _____________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.5.9) O. Two types of genes that cause cancer are ______________________ .
(Outcome 3.5.9) P. Apoptosis is ____________________________________________ .
VI. Stem and Progenitor Cells
(Outcome 3.6.10) A. A stem cell divides mitotically to produce ____________________
_______________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.6.10) B. A progenitor cell is______________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.6.10) C. A neural stem cell gives rise to _____________________________
but not _________________________________________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.6.10) D. A totipotent cell can give rise to ___________________________ .
(Outcome 3.6.10) E. Pluripotent cells are _____________________________________ .
(Outcome 3.6.11) F. Cells specialize by ______________________________________ .
VII. Cell Death
(Outcome 3.7.12) A. ______________________ is called programmed cell death.
(Outcome 3.7.13) B. Like mitosis, apoptosis is a ____________________ process. Both are
a__________________ of development. Mitosis is cell _______________ while apoptosis is
____________________.
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