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Transcript
Guiding Notes – Planet Earth (Powerpoint/Keynote) Name: ___________________ Period: ____ The Earth’s Structure Crust – the _______________________ and _______________________ layer of Earth Mantle – the layer of rock between the Earth’s _______________ and its ________________ - rocks are “__________________” soft and easily ______________________________ Core – __________________________ of the Earth - Inner core – _________________________ metal - Outer core – _________________________ metal; surrounds the inner core Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics – theory that Earth’s ______________________ is made up of large moving __________________, which may have ______________________ throughout Earth’s history - In 1911, Alfred Wegner, a German geologist saw that the continents fit together like a huge _______________________ _______________________. - East coast of South America fits into the west coast of Africa - Wegner thought that all of the continents were once together in a super-continent he called _____________________________________ - Explains _______________________ formation, ___________________________, ________________________, and how similar ________________________ could have lived at the same time on what are now widely separated continents. - The crustal plates are thought to move due to Earth’s internal heat causing ________________________ ________________________ in the __________________. Earth’s Plates Lithosphere – the thin outer shell of Earth, consisting of the __________________ and the rigid upper ____________________________ - made up of several ____________________ plates Asthenosphere – the zone of the mantle beneath the _______________________________ that consists of slowly ______________________________ solid rock - plates of lithosphere “__________________” on top of the asthenosphere Plate Boundaries Divergent Boundaries – two plates _____________________ apart - ____________________ from the mantle rises into the ____________ _________________between the plates - Magma – ______________________ rock within the Earth - New material is added to the edge of each plate becoming new ____________ ________ - Forms a ___________ ______________ surrounded by high mountains - Can form ________________________ - Volcanoes often form hills or mountains as materials pour or explode from a vent - Vent – _____________________ through which ___________________ rock flows onto Earth’s surface Convergent Boundaries – plates are moving __________________ each other - Subduction – process in which a tectonic plate _____________ beneath another tectonic plate and into the ______________________________. - Ocean __________________, _____________________, and _________________________ are formed at subduction zones. Transform Fault Boundary – two plates move ____________________ each other - Fault – a ______________________ in the earth created when rocks on either side of a break _________________ - Causes earthquakes o ___________________________ – study of earthquakes o Focus – area along a _____________ where the earthquake is ______________________ o Epicenter – the point on Earth’s surface _____________ _______________ the focus of an earthquake o Richter Scale – scale that expresses the ___________________ _______________________ of an earthquake Transform Boundary Mineral – a natural, __________________ solid with a definite _______________ ______________ and a characteristic internal structure Types of Rock Igneous Rock – rock formed from ___________ and _____________ __________ or __________ Intrusive igneous rock – formed from ___________ that __________ ___________the earth - contains _____________, ______________ crystals Extrusive igneous rock – formed as it cools on ____________ _____________ - contains ____________, _____________ crystals Sedimentary Rock – rock formed from _________________ or _______________ ___________ of ______________________ Deposition – the ________________ in which ______________ is ____________ ________ Metamorphic Rock – rock formed from __________ ___________ as a result of ____________, ________________, or _________________ __________________ Types of Weathering 1. Physical or mechanical weathering a. Ice – _____________ ____________ b. Plants – ________________ grow into ________________ in rocks 2. Chemical weathering a. Reaction with ________________ b. __________________________________________ (carbonic acid) As it __________ into the ground it can for weather rock _______________. (______________ __________) c. _____________ rain (high in _____________ or ________________ acid) Types of Erosion Erosion - the ________________ and _____________________ of materials by running _____________, ____________, _____________, ____________, _____________ ____________, and __________________ . Water Erosion - water scours out places on the ______________ and carries new ______________ away. There is a _____________ ____________________ between the ______________ of the ______________ and the ____________ and the _______________ of the sediment it can carry. __________________ moving rivers can carry away a lot of sediment, and create _______________ __________________. Glacial Erosion - large _______________ of _______ moving can ______________ the surface it rests on, often creating _________________valleys. Wind Erosion – wind carries sediment that creates a ___________________ effect Geologic Time Relative Age one ___________ occurred ___________ or _____________ a different event Absolute Age a ______________ is ________________ to an event relative to a fixed measure - uses __________________ ______________ - Carbon-14 Dating - Compare the amount of ___________ present in ___________ to current ______________________ Relative Time Principle of Superposition Assuming no ___________ in the _________________ of the rock ______________, the ______________ will be on the _________________, and the _________________ will be on ______________. Principle of Original Horizontality _____________ of ___________________ are generally ___________________ in a ____________________ position Faunal Succession ________________ can be used as __________ __________________ - Index Fossils – fossils that are ___________________ in extent, yet occurred within a ____________________ interval of ________________ Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships – cross-cutting rocks are ________________ than the rocks they ________ ____________________. Inclusions – _______________ and ________________ included in ________________ and ____________ must be ______________ than the ___________ _____________ containing them. Deformation – any rocks affected by a ______________________ ______________ (i.e. – folding, tilting) must _____________ the deformation episode. Unconformities – _____________________ in the _____________________ record Using the law of superposition, inclusions, cross-cutting, relationships to determine the relative ages of the following cross sections. With 1) being the youngest... Youngest ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Oldest 1) _____ 2)_______ 3)________ 4)_______ 5)_________ 6)______ 7)_______ 8)_______ Youngest --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Oldest ________ _________ _________ _________ ___________