Download MCB 135k – Final Exam Review Sheet

MCB 135k — Final Exam Review Sheet
Part 1 (material from 1st exam)
Demography of aging, comparative and differential aging
-What sort of biological characteristics correlate with life span?
-How has life span changed over time?
-What are the general features of the aging process?
-What are the possible trajectories of aging?
-What are the diseases of old age? How might they affect long-term outlook?
Cell Senescence, Telomeres, and Apoptosis
-What are the major features of senescence and apoptosis?
-What are telomeres? What do they do? How related to senescence?
-What activates senescence? Apoptosis?
-What are the physiological roles of these processes?
Theories of Aging
-Know the major theories (handout)
Part 2 (material from 2nd exam)
Free radical biology
-What are free radicals? Where do they come from?
The aging nervous system
-What are the major cellular components of the nervous system?
-What are the molecular, cellular and physiological changes that occur with age
in the nervous system?
-What is neural plasticity? When can it occur?
Aging of the visual system
-What are the major physical changes in the eye with age?
-What are the major functional changes in the eye with age?
-How do physical changes contribute to functional changes?
Cardiovascular system, atherosclerosis, and lipoproteins
-How does the cardiovascular system change with aging? (the major features)
-What is atherosclerosis? How does it develop? What occurs in advanced disease?
-What are lipoproteins? What diseases are associated with lipoproteins?
Aging of skeletal muscle
-What is sarcopenia? What is specifically affected?
-How does the body change with aging?
Aging of the immune system
-What are the major components of the immune system? (Lymphocytes, B cells,
T cells, Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC), antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgE,
IgA))
-What are the major organs of the immune system?
-How does immune function change with aging?
-How do immune cells, tissues change with age?
Part 3 (material since the 2nd exam)
Female and male reproduction
-How do hormones regulate reproduction? How does this change with aging?
-Know all the information regarding the prostate gland!
HPA axis, stress, adaptation, allostasis and homeostasis, neuroendocrine theory, thyroid
gland
-How do hormones regulate the response to stress?
-What are the physiological changes that occur with stress?
-What is homeostasis? Allostasis?
-How does stress contribute to aging? How do you measure exposure to stress?
Allostatic load?
-What is meant by "diseases of adaptation"?
-What does the thryroid regulate? How does thyroid function change with aging?
-What is the neuroendocrine theory of aging?
Carbohydrate metabolism
-What are the major roles of insulin and glucagon?
-What is glucose intolerance, how/why does it change with age?
-What is diabetes mellitus? How? Why?
GI tract, urinary tract, kidneys
-What changes in GI tract, urinary tract with aging?
-What is urinary/fetal continence? How?
-What is the major role of the kidneys? How does function change with age? How
is function impacted by drugs? Why?
The lungs
-How is the mechanical function of the lungs affected by aging? How do changes
interact to impair function?
-What is COPD? How? Why? When?
Aging of the skin
-What are the molecular, cellular, and physiological changes in the skin with aging?
Aging of the skeletal system
-How does the skeletal (bone) system change with aging? Why?
-What changes occur in joints with aging? What are the possible reasons?
Nutrition and aging
-What are the normal dietary requirements? How might these change with aging?
-What are the major sources of dietary energy? How do they differ?