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DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis STRUCTURE: • The shape of DNA is a double helix or _____________________ • DNA is made of nucleotide subunits that each consist of: – ____________________________________________________ – ____________________________________________________ – ____________________________________________________ • The “HANDRAILS” of the ladder are _____________ & ______________ • The “STEPS” are the ______________ paired up. • The order of nucleotides creates a ____________ • The code is _____________ for every living thing • Even _______________ have some differences in their codes • DNA is like the ___________________ in the cell “factory”. • It is located in the nucleus or ____________ of the cell. • It has specific ___________________ for every cell in your body • Only the “PAGES” or ___________ of the instructions needed by a particular cell are actually used. • EX: THE DNA IN YOUR SKIN CELL HAS ALL OF THE INSTRUCTIONS BUT THE ONLY PART THAT IS USED IS THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING ________________. DNA REPLICATION • WHEN NEW CELLS OR “FACTORIES” ARE NEEDED, THE DNA IS THE ____________ THING TO BE COPIED. IT OCCURS IN THE FOLLOWING STEPS: • THE DNA LADDER _______________ • _____________________________ FLOATING IN THE NUCLEUS PAIR UP WITH THEIR COMPLIMENTS (A-T, C-G) • THIS CONTINUES IN SEVERAL POINTS ALONG THE LADDER UNTIL __________________________ • THE 2 NEW LADDERS EACH CONTAIN ONE _______________ AND ONE ____________________. RNA Transcription and Translation RNA STRUCTURE: • • RNA HAS NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS – _________________ – _________________ – _________________ IT CONSISTS OF A ___________ STRAND (ONE SIDE OF A LADDER) THERE ARE _______ TYPES OF RNA FUNCTIONS: • TO CARRY A ____________ DIRECTION (RECIPE) TO THE RIBOSOMES (______) • TO BRING THE AMINO ACIDS (INGREDIENTS) TO THE _______________ ACCORDING TO THE RECIPE (_____) • TO BIND THE ______________________ (INGREDIENTS) TOGETHER TO MAKE PROTEIN-OR THE CANDY IN OUR FACTORY. (_____) RNA TRANSCRIPTION – COPYING _____________ TO _______________ • DNA “UNZIPS”- ONLY _____________________________ • FREE NUCLEOTIDES PAIR WITH THEIR ___________________ • ONLY A PORTION OF _________ SIDE OF THE DNA LADDER IS COPIED • THE MESSENGER RNA PEELS OFF THE DNA TEMPLATE AND LEAVES THE NUCLEUS TO GO TO THE ________________ TRANSLATION: USING ___________ TO MAKE A __________________ • Ribosome “reads” the recipe from the _______________ • tRNA molecules bring the ________________ in the correct order according to the codon – Every _____ bases codes for a particular amino acid – Look up the codon on page 303 of textbook (or table provided) to find amino acid – Amino acid sequence determines ________________________ Summary: DNA is found in ____________________ mRNA is made in the ___________________ from DNA template mRNA carries the message to the _______________________ Protein is made using mRNA code like a “_________________” and amino acids as “________________________________________” Practice, Practice, Practice!!! Translation: Using mRNA to Make a Protein A sequence of DNA contains the code: AAT TCC TGC What would be the amino acid sequence? 1. Transcribe the DNA: UUA AGG ACG 2. Look up codons on table 3. Leu (leucine) Arg (arginine) Thr (threonine) Mutations • Sometimes a mistake happens during replication: • The wrong __________ pairs up (___________________) • An extra base is __________ (_______________) • A base is __________________ ( ____________________) If the mutation occurs in a portion of DNA that the cell ______________________, then a _______________________________ is caused. If the mutation occurs in a portion of DNA ___________ ______________ by the particular cell, then ___________________ __________________.