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Transcript
BIOLOGY: Evolution Test Review The information covered in class can be found in Chapter 15 (pages 369-386), Chapter 17 (pages 417- 428 & 436-438) of your textbook. Also, you should review your notes and worksheets to be sure you are developing accurate understanding of evolution. 1. The length of time needed for one half of a radioactive isotope to decay is called the _____________- __________ Assume the isotope below, uranium, has a half-life of 4.5 billion years and that uranium decays into lead. 4.5 billion years 40g uranium 0g lead 4.5 billion years b. ____ g uranium c. ____ g uranium ____ g lead ____ g lead 2. Above is an example of absolute dating. How else can the age of a fossil be determined? ________________________ Using the graph above, what is the half-life of Cesium-317 ? ______________ How much radioactive cesium remains after 60 years? ______ after 120 years? ___________ The half-life for carbon-14 is 5,730 years. If you find a bone that has 6.25% of carbon-14 left, how many half-lives have passed? ___________ So, how old is that bone? __________ 3. Origins of Life on earth: (see pages 425-428) The age of the earth is estimated as _______________ billion years. Prokaryotes can be found in the fossil record being about ____________ billion years ago. Eukaryotes appear in the fossil record about _____________ billion years ago. One idea of how life started on this planet is called spontaneous origins. This involves the idea that living things came from _________________ things. This is called __________________ or spontaneous generation. This is thought possible because conditions on early earth allowed for the formation of ________________ molecules. Today, conditions on earth do not allow for abiogenesis (life from non-living things). Instead, we know that today, life comes from __________. This is called _____________________. 4. Fill in the blanks regarding Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection. Darwin was influenced by others researchers: Lyell was a _______________ that influenced Darwin by suggesting that the earth was much older than 6000 years. It was millions of year old, which gave Darwin’s ideas the _____________ needed to accumulate small changes. Malthus stated that resources are limited and organisms must ______________ for them. The idea of competition for resources made Darwin wonder what characteristics made an organism more ____________________ at gaining resources. Darwin’s theory can be remembered in 5 major points. There is _____________________within populations. Which means that all individuals of the same species do not look identical and may have _________________ traits. Some variations are ____________________ because they help the organism survive. In most cases with each generation, only a few ________________ long enough to reproduce. The organisms that survive and ________________________ are the ones with the _________________ variations. The population _______________ changes as the frequency of the variations change. (This is known as Gradualism) 5. What are the terms that are used to describe Lamarck’s theory of evolution? The inheritance of _________________ traits; Characteristics acquired during an organism’s lifetime can be _________________to the offspring. OK….PROBLEM!- We now know that only __________________ are passed from parent to offspring. 6. Fill in the 4 types of evidence that supports the concept of evolution (and common origins) and explain how it supports the idea of change over time (evolution) 1. F_________________ Fossils represent ______________, but similar, organisms than exist on earth today. Fossils are found in _____________ rock. 2. Comparitive _________________ All embryos go through the ___________ first stages of development. Human embryos have ______ slits and a ___________ that develop and then disappear as development proceeds. 3.Comparitive __________________ Structures that are similar between organisms are called _________________. They provide evidence for a recent ___________ ancestor. The whale pelvis is a ____________ structure which provides evidence for the evolution of the whale from a ____- legged, land mammal. 5. Comparitive ______________________ ALL __ __ __ (in every organism) consists of the same _______ bases, just a different order. Humans and other primates have many of the same _____________ (example- hemoglobin) The more similar the DNA sequence for a particular protein, the more ______________ related the organisms are. Comparative Biochemistry continued….. Given the data in the table below, answer these questions: How many different amino acids between Dog and Chicken? ____ Which organism is most closely related to the dog? ______ Amino Acid Sequence for a portion of the hemoglobin protein. mammal bird amphibian Dog SER SER GLY GLY ASP GLU ILU ASP ASP THR Chicken GLN THR GLY GLY ALA GLU ILU ALA ASN SER Frog ASP SER GLY GLY LYS HIS VAL THR ASN SER 7. Define the following terms: half-life- the amount of time that it takes for _________ of a _________________ element to change (decay) fossil- any remains of a _________________. Molds, casts, imprints are all types of fossils. Evolution- change over ________ Artificial Selection- _______________________________________________________________________ Example- _______________________________________________________________________ Natural Selection - _______________________________________________________________________ Example- _______________________________________________________________________ Homologous Structures have similar _________________ but may have a different _________________. Example- _______________________________________________________________________ Analogous Structures have the same _________________ but are structurally very _______________. Example- _______________________________________________________________________ Vestigial Structures are the _______________ from the evolutionary past. They remain in an organism even though they have _______ function. Example- _______________________________________________________________________ Convergent Evolution occurs as organisms of different species _____________ to the same environment. Example-_______________________________________________________________________ Divergent Evolution occurs as individuals of the same species ___________ to different environments. Example-_________________________________________________________________________ Adaptive Radiation is when ________ species gives rise to __________ new species. This usually happens as different population groups adapt to _____________ environments. Example- Darwin’s finches are similar and closely related species that are different particular with regard to their _____________. Niche- A niche is an _________________ role in their environment. It is more than just its __________ (where it lives). A niche is defined as the sum total of all the ways it utilizes the resources of its environment. Species- a group of organisms that look _____________ and are able to interbreed to produce _______________. 8. What did the following individuals do? a. b. c. d. e. f. ___Jean Baptiste Lamarck ___Charles Darwin ___Alfred Russell Wallace ___Charles Lyell theory of natural selection persuaded Darwin to publish his findings came up with idea of industrial melanism economist that influence Darwin said striving to improve will lead to inheritable changes geologist that said Earth changes very slowly over time ___Thomas Malthus ___H.B.D.Kettlewell 9. Describe 3 of the organisms that Darwin witnessed on the Galapagos Islands that helped to solidify his ideas (from video). 1. 2. 3. 10. What is industrial melanism? How did it affect the population of peppered moths in England? 11. More recently it has been shown that not all species go through gradual changes. Sometimes there are periods, generations of no change, followed by a significant change. This is known as ____________________ equilibrium. 12. In class we observed the changes in horses over the last 65 million years. What structures were reduced in number? _________ How did the overall size of the horse change? ______________ What advantage might that be? ________________ How did the horses teeth change?__________ & _________________ Why did horses have to change over time? __________________________ 13. What is an adaptation? ______________________________ Brainstorm: List 3 adaptations of mammals and for each describe how it aids in survival. 1. ________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. _______________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. _______________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 14. How, specifically, do organisms adapt to their environment? How is DNA involved? Use the word bank for statements below. reproduce spontaneous radiation chemicals longer speciation mutation more adaptive radiation DNA replication species New traits are the product of ____________________. Mutations can be _________________ which means mistakes are made in the cellular process of ______________________ or they can be induced by _________________, exposure to ______________ and other mutagens. Traits that are an advantage (favorable) allow for the organism with that trait to live_____________, reproduce ___________ and pass those genes (for that trait) to its offspring. When many differences have accumulated in a population and they can not longer _____________ with individuals outside the group, a new ________________ has formed. One species that gives rise to many different species is an example of ___________________________. _______________________ is the formation of new species. 15. True or False 1. Darwin created the theory of evolution. _______ 2. Organisms select traits that they need to survive. _______ 3. All organisms need the same traits to survive. ________ 4. Organisms must change because the environment is constantly changing. ______ 5. Organisms that do not evolve are doomed to extinction. _____ 6. Organisms become extinct only because man has altered the environment. ____ 7. Evolution is a theory without much support . _____ 8. Humans evolved from a chimpanzee or gorilla. ______ 9. Whales evolved from a dog. _____ 10. Humans share over 99% of their DNA sequences with chimpanzees. ____ 11. Individuals of the same species share all the same traits. ______ 12. Individuals of the same species have the exact same DNA. _____ 13. In 1859 Darwin published his theory of evolution by means of Natural Selection in a book titled On the Origin of the Species. _____ 14. Alfred Wallace could disprove Darwin’s theory. ___ 15. Alfred Wallace prompted Darwin to reveal his theory and research. ___