Download Co-Requisite – Characteristics of Science

Biology EOCT Study Guide
Name_______________________________
1. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells.
a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell
membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction.
Organelle
Function
Prokaryote
Golgi
Eukaryote
Ribosome
Nucleus
Lysosome
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Vacuole
ER
How does the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis?
Describe the structure of the cell membrane.
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
b. Explain how enzymes function as catalysts.
ENZYMES – list characteristics & explain enzyme-substrate complex
c. Identify the major functions and monomers of the four major macromolecules.
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
d. Explain the impact of water on life processes.
Compare and contrast ACTIVE and PASSIVE transport.
What is diffusion?
What is osmosis?
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Biology EOCT Study Guide
Name_______________________________
2. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations.
a. Distinguish between DNA and RNA.
DNA
b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and
# of strands
transmitting cellular information. (DNA
replication)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Describe both steps of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
RNA
Monomers
Major function
4 Bases
Location in cell
SUGAR
Base pair rule
What shape is it? What forms the backbone?
c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability.
What is meiosis? _________________________________________________________________________
How does meiosis play a role in reproductive variability? _____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
 What is crossing over? _________________________________________________________________
 How many chromosomes do human have in their somatic cells? ______ Gametes?____
Define the following:
 Diploid: ____________________________________________________
 Haploid:____________________________________________________
 Heterozygous: _______________________________________________
 Homozygous:_________________________________________________
 Pea plants have seeds that are either round or wrinkled. In this cross, what will be
the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? ________________________________
genotypic ratio? _____________________________________________
 If a gene is described as sex-linked, what chromosome is it on? _____________
d. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including
Explain each of the following:
• Alterations during replication.___________________________________________________________
• Insertions:_________________________________________________________________________
• Deletions:__________________________________________________________________________
• Substitutions:_______________________________________________________________________
• List some mutagenic factors that can cause the DNA to become altered:___________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Describe the following:
Trisomy 21
Hemophilia
Sickle Cell Anemia
Colorblindness
e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations.
f. Examine the use of DNA technology used in forensics, medicine, and agriculture. Give an example.
Biology EOCT Study Guide
Name_______________________________
3. Derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing
complexity of systems.
a. Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.
What is the equation for Photosynthesis?
What do we call
organisms that can
do photosynthesis?
..that cannot?
What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?
Define phototsynthesis. Where does photosynthesis occur?
Define respiration. Where does respiration occur?
How are photosynthesis and respiration almost
opposite processes?
What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic?
b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms.
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plant
Animals
Prokaryotic or
eukaryotic
Single or
multicellular
Heterotrophic
or
Autotrophic
Cell wall
present &
composition
c. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems.
Classification: What are the eight levels of classification?
___________,____________,____________,____________,_____________, ___________,_____________
Which levels has organisms that are the most related?___________________
What is binomial nomenclature? __________________________________________________________________
How is the scientific name written? _________________________________
d. Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms.
What is the basic structure of a virus?
Why are viruses considered nonliving particles?
Explain how a virus replicates using the lytic cycle & the lysogenic cycle.
LYTIC CYCLE
LYSOGENIC CYCLE
Biology EOCT Study Guide
Name_______________________________
4. Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within
their ecosystems.
a. Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes.
*Organization of the Biosphere
b. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems.
*Explain the energy pyramid to the right._____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Label the
* What do the arrows in the food chain to the right
trophic levels
represent? _____________________________
*Where does the algae get its energy? _________
*Give two words that describes the algae?
_______________________________________
*How does the energy pyramid and the food chain relate to each other? __________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
*Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients (C, O, H, N, P).______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
c. Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems.
*What is the difference between primary succession and secondary succession? _____________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
What is this point called?
d. Assess and explain human activities that influence and modify the environment
such as global warming, population growth, pesticide use, and water and power
consumption.
*Explain the graph to the right.__________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
*Sketch what the graph would look like if there were no limiting
factors:
What factors could result in
exponential growth?
e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to
survive stressful environmental conditions.
*Complete the chart.
Gravitropism
What is causes
plants to do
Why this is
helpful
Phototropism
Thigmotrophism
f. Relate animal adaptations, including behaviors, to the ability to survive stressful environmental
conditions.
ADAPTATIONS -
Biology EOCT Study Guide
Name_______________________________
5. Evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution.
a. Trace the history of the theory.
* Who came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection? _________________
* What is natural selection? __________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
*Explain Lamarcks theory of inheritance of acquired traits. __________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution.
*What are the two rates of evolution? Explain each.
1.
2.
Define ENDOSYMBIOSIS.
c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory.
*Give five pieces of evidence to support the theory of evolution:
d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms.
*How does natural selection help to change organisms overtime? _______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Causes of microevolution – What can lead to changes in allele frequencies?
*When two organisms are not related, but have similar features this is called ___________________ evolution.
* When two organisms evolve together, so that they must have each other to survive, this is called _______________.
What is speciation? Explain the mechanisms that lead to speciation.
e. Recognize the role of evolution to biological resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance).
How does resistance occur?
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