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Name: Ancient Rome 1. Setting the Stage a. With the defeat of the ____________ by ____________ and the eventual decline of the Greek Civilization, power would eventually shift ______ towards the __________ peninsula b. The Romans would build an amazing _________ filled with many different ___________ and help spawn a brand new religion: __________ Origins of Rome a. Legend says that twins __________ and __________ were abandoned on the Tiber River and raised by a ______________ b. Later the two boys decided to __________________ c. Eventually Romulus ____ Remus & city of _____ is named after Romulus The First Romans a. Three groups settled on Italian Peninsula from _____________ B.C. i. _________ 1. Built original settlement of _________ ________ 2. Considered to be the first _________ 3. Helped spread _______ _________ languages to the area ii. _________ 1. Moved north into Italy during decline of __________ Culture 2. Settled in _________ Italy and Sicily 3. Brought all of Italy, including Rome, into contact with the ___________ _____________ 4. Brought ___________, ___________, and ____________ iii. _________ 1. Skilled _________ ____________ native to northern Italy 2. Strongly influenced Roman _____________ 3. Influenced Roman ________ 4. Influenced Roman lust for ______ (ex. Gladiator battles) Early Rome a. Early __________ ________ and successors _________ temples and public centers in Rome b. _____________ was the heart of the Roman political life c. After Rome’s last king was driven from power in 509 B.C for being too harsh, the Romans declared they would never again be ______________ d. Instead they established a __________, which meant “________________” e. A republic is a form of government in which __________________ who have the _______________ for their leaders f. In Rome, citizenship with voting rights was granted only to ___________ ________ citizens 6. People of Rome a. Rome was ________ into several different groups who struggled for power b. _________: wealthy landowners who held most of the power c. _________: the common farmers, artisans, and merchants; majority of pop. d. Tribunes: ___________ representatives who protected the rights of the plebeians from ____________ ___________ e. _________: two officials with limited power and one year terms; one __________________________ the other ___________________________ f. Dictator: in times of crisis, the republic could appoint a leader with absolute power to ___________ and control the _____; power lasted for ___ months g. ___________: military units made up of _______________ Roman Power Expands a. Steadily the Romans conquered the __________ Peninsula b. As Rome conquered lands, people were ____________ into their ever growing territory c. Some people were accepted as __________, others simply became _______ d. Rome went to war against __________; a powerful city in North ________ e. The struggle became known as the _________________ (264146 B.C.) f. Carthage was led by a brilliant general named _____________ g. Hannibal assembled an army of __________ infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and 60 ______________ intent on __________________ h. He led his troops up through Spain and _____________________ into Italy i. The Romans ______________ and prevented Hannibal from sacking Rome j. _________ _________ _____________ in 202 B.C. near Zama k. Rome eventually defeated _____________ in the third Punic War extending its power across the ____________________________ Result: Rome’s territory and power would only get _________ and __________… 1. Setting the Stage a. With the defeat of Carthage in the ___________, Rome was proving to be the biggest and most powerful civilization on the ________________ b. The larger Rome’s territory got, the more ____________ the __________ form of government became 2. The Republic collapses a. Rome’s increasing _______ and expanding ________ brought problems i. Discontent among _________ __________ ii. Breakdown in __________ order b. Economic Turmoil i. Gap between ______ and ______ widened ii. Rich lived on huge _________ iii. Poor worked on estates (possibly as ________) iv. By 100 B.C. ___________ of Rome’s population were enslaved c. Military Upheaval i. ___________ seized power for themselves ii. Recruited by promising ________ iii. Citizens loyal to ________ rather than to _______ itself 3. Julius Caesar a. 60 B.C. joins with _____________ (wealthy Roman) and ____________ (popular general) to create a __________________ b. Triumvirate: ______________________ c. They rule together for ____________ d. Caesar takes power i. Caesar has success in ______(France), becomes quite ___________ ii. Political rival Pompey urges the senate to _______ Caesar’s _______ iii. Caesar defies senate, ____________________ iv. Pompey __________ v. Caesar ______________________ in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt vi. Julius Caesar returns home in 46 B.C.________________________ vii. 44 B.C. Caesar is named ___________________ viii. Result: Though Caesar has _____________, Rome still embraces some of its ___________ roots, however it is moving closer to ___________ 4. Julius Caesar’s legacy a. __________ ___________ but he also expanded the __________ b. ____________ _____________ to people in Roman ____________ c. Helped poor by ___________ ______ and building ___________ d. Increased _____ for ____________ e. Beware the Ides of March i. Many _________ and ________ expressed concern over Caesar’s growing power, success, and popularity; feared losing their _______ ii. Others considered Caesar a ___________ iii. Many felt Rome would _________ due to his ego iv. Caesar is _________ ___ _______ in the senate by a gang of senators led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius on March ___, _________ 5. ______________ a. Caesar’s 18 year old ___________ and adopted ______ d. Mark Antony falls in love with _____________________ of Egypt e. Octavian accuses Antony of _________ __ _____ Rome from Egypt and this leads to another civil war g. Mark Antony and Cleopatra _______ ______; leaving Octavian sole leader h. Octavian takes name ___________ meaning “_____________” 27 B.C. _______________________________ ________________________________ Senate named him Augustus meaning “revered personage” or “exhalted one” in 27 BC Rules from 27 BC to 14 AD Ended years of civil war Was not interested in dictatorial rule; shared power with close advisors Successfully discharged soliders reducing army (still kept 28 legions for auxillery strength) __________________________________ Ruled from 161-180 AD Gifted general Philosopher Empire began to erode under his son Commodus (end of Pax Romana) i. Result: Rome _______________________________________. A Vast and Powerful Empire a. Peak of Rome’s power ____ B.C. to ____ A.D. b. Period known as the ____ ____________ or “____________________” c. Population of 60-80 million with _____________ in the city of Rome d. Rome held together through efficient means of government started by Augustus however many __________ _____________ would gradually weaken the empire over the next 400 years e. _________ ____________ made trade easier f. “__________________;” the Romans built about ________ miles of roads g. ___% of population were __________ and ___________ was common h. _______________ was used to distract the masses because much of city of Rome was __________; _________ battles were popular for entertainment i. Rich continued to live ________________ j. Coming up next: The works of _______ of Nazareth and _____________ would change the world forever