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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Inorganic chemistry - the study of all other compounds WHY IS CARBON SO SPECIAL? Carbon has four valence electrons, allowing it to form up to four bonds with many other elements. One carbon atom can bond to another, giving it the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length. These carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double or even triple covalent bonds. Chains of carbon atoms can even close up on themselves to form rings. HONC 1234 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS VS. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Organic Are usually defined as compounds which contain carbon with hydrogen. (May contain additional elements as well) Are produced only by living things (biotic). Range from simple to very complex. Contain strong, covalent bonds. Examples: CH 4 , C 6 H 12 O 6 , SUGARS, PROTEINS, FATS, OILS, DNA Inorganic Usually defined as compounds that do not contain carbon with hydrogen. (May contain just carbon.) Often can be formed in the non-living (abiotic) environment, but : Can also be made by/found in living things. Examples: H 2 O, NaCl, O 2 , NH 3 , CaCO 3 , CO 2 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS VS. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS table Substance 1. sodium chloride (table salt): NaCl 2. glucose: C6H12O6 3. water: H2O 4. heating oil: C14H30 5. chitin (a protein): C8H12NO5 6. thymine (a nitrogenous base): C5H5N2O2 7. sulfuric acid: H2SO4 8. oxygen gas: O2 9. ethanol: C2H5OH 10. adenosine triphosphate (ATP): C10H16N5O13P3 11. carbon dioxide: CO2 Organic? Inorganic? MACROMOLECULES The main organic molecules of living things Are Polymers made from monomers Monomers are small repeating units Polymers are larger molecules made from putting the monomers together. 4 major groups of macromolecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Protein MACROMOLECULES GROUP Basic Building Blocks (Monomers) Macromolecule (Polymer) Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Polysaccharide Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins CARBOHYDRATES Polymer Monomer MACROMOLECULES GROUP Basic Building Blocks (Monomers) Macromolecule (Polymer) Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Polysaccharide Lipids Glycerol 3 fatty acids Triglyceride Nucleic Acids Proteins The exception: Lipids are not composed of monomers and polymers. Instead, they take different forms which we will discuss. LIPIDS MACROMOLECULES GROUP Basic Building Blocks (Monomers) Macromolecule (Polymer) Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Polysaccharide Lipids Glycerol 3 fatty acids Triglyceride Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) Proteins NUCLEIC ACIDS Monomer Polymer MACROMOLECULES GROUP Basic Building Blocks (Monomers) Macromolecule (Polymer) Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Polysaccharide Lipids Glycerol 3 fatty acids Triglyceride Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) Proteins Amino acids Polypeptide/protein PROTEINS Polymer Monomer MACROMOLECULES Foods in which they are found Carbohydrates Lipids Breads, fruit, sweets, vegetables Fats (butter), oils (olive, etc.) Nucleic Acids All foods that came from living things Proteins Meat, fish, beans, soy BUILDING AND BREAKING DOWN MACROMOLECULES 2 major chemical processes (metabolic reactions) occur to build up or break down organic molecules into larger or smaller units These reactions occur to build and break all four types of macromolecule (carb, lipid, nucleic acid, and protein) Dehydration synthesis hydrolysis DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS The chemical reaction where a large molecule is formed/synthesized from smaller molecules by taking away a water molecule HYDROLYSIS The chemical reaction where a large molecule is broken down/hydrolized into smaller molecules by adding a water molecule disaccharide + water → yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide CARBOHYDRATES Are sugar molecules Made of the elements C, H, O in the ratio of 1:2:1 Main source of energy for living things They range from small, monosaccharides (simple sugars) to intermediate molecules such as disaccharides, to large polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates). CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides smallest unit or monomer of a carbohydrate can be combined by dehydration synthesis to form larger molecules like disaccharides and polysaccharides • Examples: Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose • Chemical Formula: C 6 H 12 O 6 glucose galactose fructose C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 CARBOHYDRATES Structural Isomers – same formula, but different structures glucose galactose fructose C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 ribose Another monosaccharide is ribose. It is a component of RNA (ribonucleic acid) C5H10O5 CARBOHYDRATES Disaccharide - a compound made by joining two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis Examples: 1. Sucrose (table sugar)- made from a glucose combined with a fructose 2. Lactose (milk sugar)- made from a glucose combined with a galactose CARBOHYDRATES Polysaccharides - large molecules made by combining many monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis CARBOHYDRATES 3 main examples of polysaccharides: Polysaccharide: Found in: Made of: Starch Plants (starch granules) Glucose monomers Storage of excess sugar Glycogen Animals (liver and muscles) Glucose monomers Storage of excess sugar Cellulose Plants (cell walls) Glucose monomers Used for: Rigidity for firm cell walls CARBOHYDRATES Structure of Polysaccharides All made of glucose monomers but in different arrangements: Straight chain Branched chain Diagonal bonds, many combined chains CARBOHYDRATES Why do endurance athletes often consume a diet high in complex carbohydrates while training? If a starch polysaccharide 100 glucose molecules long is hydrolyzed, how many water molecules are needed to break the bonds? LIPIDS Are important for energy, cell structure, and waterproof coatings. Generally not soluble in water Contain C, H, O (NOT in a 1:2:1 ratio) Ex: Oleic Acid is C 18 H 34 O 2 Lipids do not have a repeating structural monomer unit. They do not technically form polymers. Dif ferent lipids have dif ferent structures. T YPES OF LIPIDS *1)Fats- triglycerides that are solid at room temperature; usually from animal sources Examples: butter, shortening, lard *2) Oils- triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature; usually from plant sources Examples: sunflower oil, olive oil, corn oil 3) Waxes - ear wax, beeswax, and the waxy layer on the surface of plant leaves. 4) Steroids - cholesterol; hormones such as testosterone; pigments used in animal vision and in photosynthesis. 5) Phospholipids – important structural component of cell membranes TRIGLYCERIDES Triglycerides are lipids that form when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 molecules called fatty acids . The structure of the fatty acid determines the function of the triglyceride 3 fatty acids Glycerol SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATT Y ACIDS 1) A fatty acid is SATURATED if each carbon in a lipid’s fatty acid chain is bonded to another carbon atom by a single bond (no C=C double or triple bonds) tend to form molecules called Saturated fats which are solid at room temperature. contain the maximum amount of hydrogens possible. unfortunately, not very 'heart-healthy'! SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATT Y ACIDS A fatty acid is UNSATURATED if there is at least one carboncarbon double bond (monounsaturated will have 1 double bond). A fatty acid is said to be POLYUNSATURATED if there are more than one carbon-carbon double bond tend to form molecules called oils which are liquid at room temperature. contain fewer hydrogens these are more "heart-healthy"! FORMATION OF TRIGLYCERIDES Fatty acids are attached to the glycerol molecules by dehydration synthesis. This occurs at the carboxyl end of each fatty acid The carboxyl group can be written as COOH or -COOH. The carboxyl group contains a carbonyl (C=O) group and a hydroxyl (–OH) group. Carbonyl Hydroxyl Carboxyl group How many water molecules are removed in the formation of 1 triglyceride? 3 TRIGLYCERIDES Why do you think saturated fats are solid and unsaturated fats are liquids? Think about the structure/layout of each. Saturated Unsaturated FATT Y ACIDS Melting point is the temperature at which a substance melts. Which one of the fatty acids in the table is saturated? Which is monounsaturated? Which are polyunsaturated? How does the number of double bonds af fect the melting point? -5 -11 NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information (EXAMPLES: DNA and RNA ) Contain C, H, O, N, P. Made of monomers called nucleotides Many nucleotides come together by dehydration synthesis to form the nucleic acid polymers (DNA or RNA) Three parts to a nucleotide Nitrogenous base 5-carbon sugar Phosphate group EXCEPTION A special nucleotide called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores & releases energy. ATP molecules are nucleotides but do not come together to make polymers. Notice 3 phosphate groups instead of one in the ATP nucleotide DNA AND RNA DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid Nucleic acid that stores genetic information Holds the codes (genes) for proteins Contains the 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose RNA- Ribonucleic acid The helper molecule for DNA in the making of proteins Contains the 5-carbon sugar ribose How many nucleotides are in the nucleic acid above? CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DNA RNA Protein Trait