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Transcript
Biology Test May 15, 2007 Angiosperms - a plant in which the sex organs are within flowers and the seeds are in a fruit. For this test you should know the differences between monocots and dicots, the following chart summarizes the main points. You also have to know the different parts of a flower and their functions. The following is a picture of a flower: Stamen – male reproductive organ in a flower (includes filament and anther) Filament – holds up anther Anther – gametophytes (sperm contained in pollen) Pistile – female reproductive system (includes stigma, style, and ovary) Stigma – tube to which the pollen sticks Style – holds up stigma Ovary – where fertilization takes place Reproduction Pollination – pollen being transferred from the anther of plant to the stigma of another Nectar – sugar water (pay off for bee) Flower color – advertisement (attracts bee) Animal/bee pollination is very good: it carries the pollen from the anther of one plant and then it sticks to the stigma of a different plant. The bees work on one type of plant at a time. Pollen travels down style by creating a pollen tube (this is done by digesting the stuff in the style.) The pollen tube is a passage way of pollen through style. Fertilization – The ovary produces fruit. The ovules in the ovary become seeds. Double fertilization (found in flowering plants) – called so because the pollen has two sperms (both haploid) enter ovule, there is an egg and two more cells in there. One sperm attaches to the egg embryo (zygote.) There other two cells are polar nuclei which combine with the other sperm together producing a triploid cell (3N) called endosperm which then acts as the food for the embryo. 3N endosperm [In monocots: becomes endosperm and one cotyledon. In dicots: becomes two cotyledons. (Monocots and dicots have their names from this.) Part of the membrane makes roots. Cotyledon – food for embryo. In dicots the cotyledon: seed leaves under seed coat (so photosynthesis for a few days.) In monocots the cotyledon provides food together with the endosperm. Cotyledon isn’t needed once the leaves grow. Plant movement Tropism – a plant moves (differential growth) towards or away from a stimulus. Positive Tropism – moves towards sun Negative Tropism – moves away from sun Positive phototropism – moves towards light Auxins – growth hormones Gravitotropism/Geotropism – gravity stimulus (roots grow down – positive gravitropism, stems grow up – negative gravitropism) Animals – eukaryotic, multi-cellular and cells don’t have cell walls (this is the definition of the animal kingdom) Animals Phyla Phylum Porifera(Sponges) All other animals Symmetry No symmetry Symmetry Tissues No tissues Tissues Ecology Ecosystem: all the living and nonliving things in a given area Community: all the living things in a given area Population: all the members of one species in a given area Biosphere: parts of earth where life is found Niche Habitat Where an organism lives Everything an organism needs to survive Producersconvert light energy into Consumers food energy Autotrophs Heterotrophs Everything in the world is either energy or matter Energy: flow through ecosystem – energy comes from light and exits as heat Producers (autotrophs) make light energy into food energy through photosynthesis used by the consumers (heterotrophs) Food chain – a pathway of food through the ecosystem Producers (terrestrial - food; marine - phytoplankton) primary consumers (terrestrial herbivores; marine - zooplankton) secondary consumer (carnivores) tertiary consumers quaternary (carnivores) - Herbivores – plant eater (ex. cattle) - Carnivores – meat eater (ex. lions) - Omnivores – eat both (humans and bears) - Biotic Factor – living component of an ecosystem - Abiotic Factor – any non-living component of an ecosystem As you go along the food chain the amount of energy decreases (it goes down by the power of 10) Food web – one can use the web in order to identify the trophic level of a certain organism Productivity – amount of food made per given area per year Detrus: non-living organic material (1) dead bodies (2) feces - This is eaten by detritovores Decomposers – break down any organic matter not broken down by consumers (usually the decomposers are the bacteria) Biomass – weight of living tissue Biological magnification – concentration of a poison increases (by the power of 10) as you go up each trophic level Matter recycles Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Gross primary productivity – all the organic carbon made by the producers Net Primary Productivity – all the organic carbon made by the producers minus carbon used by the producers Legumes – beans, peas, alfaifa. Legumes have nodules which contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria.