Download For this test you should know the differences between monocots and

Biology Test May 15, 2007
Angiosperms - a plant in which the sex organs are within flowers and the seeds are in a fruit.
For this test you should know the differences between monocots and dicots, the following chart
summarizes the main points.
You also have to know the different parts of a
flower and their functions. The following is a
picture of a flower:
Stamen – male reproductive organ in a flower (includes filament and anther)
 Filament – holds up anther
 Anther – gametophytes (sperm contained in pollen)
Pistile – female reproductive system (includes stigma, style, and ovary)
 Stigma – tube to which the pollen sticks
 Style – holds up stigma
 Ovary – where fertilization takes place
Reproduction
 Pollination – pollen being transferred from the anther of plant to the stigma of another
 Nectar – sugar water (pay off for bee)
 Flower color – advertisement (attracts bee)
 Animal/bee pollination is very good: it carries the pollen from the anther of one plant and
then it sticks to the stigma of a different plant. The bees work on one type of plant at a time.
 Pollen travels down style by creating a pollen tube (this is done by digesting the stuff in the
style.) The pollen tube is a passage way of pollen through style.
 Fertilization – The ovary produces fruit. The ovules in the ovary become seeds.
 Double fertilization (found in flowering plants) – called so because the pollen has two
sperms (both haploid) enter ovule, there is an egg and two more cells in there. One sperm
attaches to the egg  embryo (zygote.) There other two cells are polar nuclei which
combine with the other sperm together producing a triploid cell (3N) called endosperm
which then acts as the food for the embryo.
 3N  endosperm [In monocots: becomes endosperm and one cotyledon. In
dicots: becomes two cotyledons. (Monocots and dicots have their names from
this.)
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Part of the membrane makes roots. Cotyledon – food for embryo. In dicots the
cotyledon: seed leaves under seed coat (so photosynthesis for a few days.) In
monocots the cotyledon provides food together with the endosperm. Cotyledon
isn’t needed once the leaves grow.
Plant movement
 Tropism – a plant moves (differential growth) towards or away from a stimulus.
 Positive Tropism – moves towards sun
 Negative Tropism – moves away from sun
 Positive phototropism – moves towards light
 Auxins – growth hormones
 Gravitotropism/Geotropism – gravity stimulus (roots grow down – positive gravitropism,
stems grow up – negative gravitropism)
Animals – eukaryotic, multi-cellular and cells don’t have cell walls (this is the definition of the animal
kingdom)
Animals
Phyla
Phylum Porifera(Sponges) All other animals
Symmetry No symmetry
Symmetry
Tissues
No tissues
Tissues
Ecology
 Ecosystem: all the living and nonliving things in a given area
 Community: all the living things in a given area
 Population: all the members of one species in a given area
 Biosphere: parts of earth where life is found
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Niche
Habitat
Where an organism lives
Everything an organism needs to survive
Producersconvert light energy into
Consumers
food energy
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Everything in the world is either energy or matter
 Energy: flow through ecosystem – energy comes from light and exits as heat
 Producers (autotrophs) make light energy into food energy through photosynthesis used
by the consumers (heterotrophs)
Food chain – a pathway of food through the ecosystem
 Producers (terrestrial - food; marine - phytoplankton)  primary consumers (terrestrial herbivores; marine - zooplankton)  secondary consumer (carnivores)  tertiary
consumers  quaternary (carnivores)
- Herbivores – plant eater (ex. cattle)
- Carnivores – meat eater (ex. lions)
- Omnivores – eat both (humans and bears)
- Biotic Factor – living component of an ecosystem
- Abiotic Factor – any non-living component of an ecosystem
 As you go along the food chain the amount of energy decreases (it goes down by the
power of 10)
 Food web – one can use the web in order to identify the trophic level of a certain
organism
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Productivity – amount of food made per given area per year
Detrus: non-living organic material (1) dead bodies (2) feces
- This is eaten by detritovores
Decomposers – break down any organic matter not broken down by consumers (usually
the decomposers are the bacteria)
Biomass – weight of living tissue
Biological magnification – concentration of a poison increases (by the power of 10) as
you go up each trophic level
Matter recycles
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Gross primary productivity – all the organic carbon made by the producers
Net Primary Productivity – all the organic carbon made by the producers minus carbon used by the
producers
Legumes – beans, peas, alfaifa. Legumes have nodules which contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria.