Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
History of science in classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Pontic Greeks wikipedia , lookup
Greek contributions to Islamic world wikipedia , lookup
Economic history of Greece and the Greek world wikipedia , lookup
Greek Revival architecture wikipedia , lookup
Battle of the Eurymedon wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek literature wikipedia , lookup
Empire and Conflict: Greeks and Persians WHAP/Napp “When Darius I’s Persian Empire challenged the Greek city-states, Athens took the lead in forming a coalition against it. Persia was a huge, centrally governed empire; each Greek city-state was individually independent, although many had joined into regional confederations and leagues for mutual assistance and trade. A single emperor who set policies for the entire empire headed Persia; an assembly of all its adult, free male citizens, for the most part, governed each individual Greek city-state. The Greek city-states were moving toward democracy; they understood their legal systems to be their own creation and responsibility, neither ordained by the gods nor imposed by a powerful external emperor. Some of the Greek city-states in Anatolia [western lands of Turkey in Asia] had earlier fallen under Darius’ empire. Although they were permitted to retain their own form of local government as long as they paid their taxes to Persia, some of them revolted and called on the Greek cities of the peninsula for help. Athens tried, half-heartedly and unsuccessfully, to assist its overseas relatives with ships and soldiers. According to Herodotus, Darius was furious at this interference. He ordered one of his servants to remind him, every day at dinnertime, ‘Master, remember the Athenians.’ In 490 Darius I dispatched a naval expedition directly across the Aegean to punish Athens for its part in the revolt in Anatolia. When the Persian fleet of 600 ships landed 48,000 soldiers at Marathon in 490 B.C.E., a force of some 10,000 Greek hoplite soldiers, joined by about 1000 soldiers from Plataea and another 1000 slaves, confronted them. The hoplite forces were deployed in solid phalanxes, columns of soldiers arrayed in tight lines, the left arm and shield of one man pressed against the right shoulder of the other, in row on row. If a soldier in the front row fell, one from the next line took his place. (In these hoplite formations, each individual soldier is crucial to the welfare of all. Many analysts have seen in this egalitarian military formation the rationale for Athenian political democracy.) The discipline of the Athenians defeated their enemy.” ~ The World’s History Analyze similarities and differences in methods of political control of the Persian Empire and the Greek city-states: Write a thesis statement using the rule of three [two similarities and one difference or vice versa]. Identify and explain the causes of the Persian Wars. Describe the Greek military and why it may have fostered Athenian political democracy. Key Words /Questions Reflections: I. The Persian Empire (Centered in Iranian Plateau) - Achaemenid Empire A. Cyrus (reigned 557-530 BCE) and Darius (reigned 522-486 BCE) B. Conquests from Egypt to India; culturally diverse empire C. Centered on an elaborate cult of kingship II. Administrative System A. Persian governors (satraps) placed in each of the 23 provinces B. Lower-level officials drawn from local authority C. System of imperial spies D. Respect for non-Persian cultural traditions 1. Cyrus allowed Jews – exiled in Babylon – to return to homeland E. Royal Road – some 1,700 miles long: communication/commerce III. The Greeks A. Small competing city-states due to mountainous terrain (seas for trade) B. Fiercely independent city-states (called themselves Hellenes) 1. Speaking the same language but frequently in conflict C. Expansive people: Traders in search of iron or farmers looking for land D. In Athens, direct democracy eventually developed 1. All citizens could directly participate in government 2. However, women, slaves, and foreigners were not citizens a) Under Solon, in 594 BCE: All citizens took part in the Assembly b) Cleisthenes and Pericles extended rights further E. Sparta: extreme military discipline, helots or slaves, Council of Elders IV. Greco-Persian Wars A. Number of Greek settlements on the Anatolian seacoast, known Ionia B. By 499 BCE, Ionian Greeks rebelled with support from Athens C. Persians launched military expeditions, twice in ten years (490/480) 1. Against all odds, Greeks held them off, defeating the Persians 2. Followed by the Golden Age of Greek culture 3. The Parthenon (columns), theater, philosophy (Socrates) V. Decline of Greeks A. Athens led a coalition of city-states but leadership led to imperialism B. Bitter civil war (431-404 BCE) 1. Known as Peloponnesian War (Allies of Athens v. Allies of Sparta) C. Athens was defeated Paving the way for Macedonian conquest VI. Alexander the Great A. Alexander’s father, Philip II, conquered Greeks in 338 BCE B. Continued conquests - Ten-year expedition (333-323 BCE): Egypt, Anatolia, Persia, Afghanistan, arrived in Indian Subcontinent C. Spread of Greek culture (Hellenism) 1. Buddha was depicted in human form due to Greek influence 1. All of the following are associated with Classical Persia EXCEPT: (A) the royal road (B) Persepolis (C) Zoroastrianism (D) Upanishads 2. The Greek approach to science was characterized by its: (A) emphasis on human spirituality (B) concentration on empirical findings as opposed to theory (C) design to find practical applications for problems (D) application of rational thought to speculations about nature’s order 3. The image above best illustrates the blending of Buddhism with which of the following? (A) Greco-Roman culture (B) Christianity (C) Confucianism (D) Egyptian culture 4. After the Peloponnesian War, the Macedonians took control of Greece and spread Greek culture throughout much of the known world under the leadership of (A) Alexander the Great (B) Julius Caesar (C) Hannibal (D) Pericles (E) Socrates 5. To govern a far-flung empire consisting of more than seventy distinct ethnic groups, the Achaemenid rulers (A) Established lines of communication and centralized administration. (B) Forced the peoples to speak only Persian and believe only in the Persian religion. (C) Used imperial spies to control the conquered masses. (D) Decentralized their administration. (E) All these answers are correct. 6. A historian of ancient Greece would probably find Athenian dramas to be most useful as a source of information about which of the following aspects of Greek society? (A) Life expectancies in ancient Greece (B) Greek religious beliefs and moral values (C) Military tactics of ancient Greek armies (D) Agricultural productivity in ancient Greece 7. The “Persian Wars” (500-479 B.C.E.) refers to (A) The rebellions of Mesopotamia and Egypt against the Achaemenid overlord. (B) The rebellions of the Greek city-states, fighting for their independence. (C) The wars between Alexander of Macedon and the Achaemenid empire. (D) The series of civil wars that occurred within the Achaemenid empire. (E) None of these answers is correct. 8. Zarathustra was (A) An emperor. (B) A prophet. (C) A magi. (D) A monotheist. (E) None of these answers is correct. 9. Which of the following was NOT a Zoroastrian teaching? (A) the cosmic conflict between Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu (B) the idea that individual souls would undergo future judgment (C) ascetic renunciation of the world in favor of a future heavenly existence (D) the idea that the forces of good would ultimately prevail (E) a belief in six lesser deities 10. From the mid-seventh century, Zoroastrianism lost its popularity because A) Zoroastrians were converting to Islam. B) It was outlawed by the Persian government. C) It was outlawed by Islamic conquerors. D) More and more people turned to belief in Christianity. E) None of these answers is correct. 11. From the mid-seventh century, Zoroastrianism lost its popularity because (A) Zoroastrians were converting to Islam. (B) It was outlawed by the Persian government. (C) It was outlawed by Islamic conquerors. (D) More and more people turned to belief in Christianity. (E) None of these answers is correct. 12. “Romantic glorifications of Greece create the impression that the Greeks sought rational solutions…actually, far from being devoted to the risks of rationality, the vast majority of the Greeks sought always the safe haven of superstition and the comfort of magic charms.” ~ Finley Hooper, historian of ancient Greece, 1967 “I do not believe that the ‘Sacred Disease’ [epilepsy] is any more divine or sacred than any other disease, but, on the contrary, I believe it has specific demonstrable characteristics and a definite cause.” ~ Hippocrates of Kos, Greek physician, circa 350 B.C.E. The passage by Hippocrates weakens Hooper’s claim in the first passage by (A) Suggesting that medicine was a thriving discipline in ancient Greece (B) Expressing a mistrust for supernatural causes of medical conditions (C) Seeking to understand a disease that does not have an obvious external cause (D) Implying that Greek physicians did not have effective treatments for some diseases Comparative Essay Practice: Compare methods of political control in the Persian Empire and in Athens. Make a list of facts pertaining to political control in the Persian Empire and in Athens. Persian Empire Athens: Then write a thesis statement using elements of the prompt and identifying one specific similarity and one specific difference.