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Transcript
Ecosystems: biodiversity and sustainability Introduction The word “ecology” comes from the Greek “oikos”, meaning ________________ and “logos”, meaning ___________________. In ecology we study “communities at home”, or ecosystems. Ecosystems 1 Explain the concept of an ecosystem and how ecosystems are interlinked to form one biosphere. The Concept of ECOSYSTEM The ecosystem includes a ________________ and an ________________ part. It also includes the _____________________ or relationships between these parts. The functioning of this system depends on the functioning of each of these components; 1. The _______________________, including _______________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. The _______________________, including _______________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. The __________________________ between these. 4. Ecosystems require an input of ____________________ to “drive “them. Ecosystems vary in size but must be big enough to allow all of the interactions that are necessary to maintain it. Interactions between organisms and the abiotic environment Interactions between members of the same species Morritt:C:\My Documents\12 BIOLOGY\Ecosystem Balance\Class notes Interactions between members of different species. -1- When the presence of a particular species in an ecosystem is of major importance in maintaining an ecosystem, it is said to be a keystone species. Examples: In Antarctica the keystone species would be ________________________________. In a Eucalyptus woodland supporting koalas the keystone species would be __________________ REVIEW OF TERMINOLOGY ORGANISM SPECIES POPULATION COMMUNITY HABITAT NICHE AUTOTROPH HETEROTROPH DECOMPOSER Morritt:C:\My Documents\12 BIOLOGY\Ecosystem Balance\Class notes -2- THE CONCEPT OF THE ECOSYSTEM In a stable ecosystem ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ THE BIOSPHERE Morritt:C:\My Documents\12 BIOLOGY\Ecosystem Balance\Class notes -3- The original source of energy for the ecosystem is the _____________________ which radiates __________________________ energy. AUTOTROPHS or _____________________ are usually ______________ plants which convert radiant (light) energy into _____________________ energy in the form of carbohydrates. The simplest of these are the _________________________ and ________________ is an example of this. A word equation for this process of __________________________________; HETEROTROPHS or __________________________ are organisms that need to eat the simple carbohydrates, like ______________________ in order to make their own larger molecules such as ________________________, __________________________, or _________________________ . DECOMPOSERS or “THE LITTLE ROTTERS” are usually ___________________ and _________________ which digest complex organic molecules and convert them to simple __________________________ . These may then be cycled through the ecosystem by _______________________ which absorb them through their ________________. DETRITIVORES are organisms which feed on dead material. They are usually invertebrates such as ________________, __________________, and ________________. MATTER is ___________________________ through an ecosystem. Eg. ENERGY _____________________________ through an ecosystem. Energy enters as ______________ and is converted to ________________ energy. This is then lost to the ecosystem as ____________________ energy. BIOMASS and PRODUCTIVITY Biomass of an ecosystem is the total dry weight of matter in the system. It is measured in dry weight per unit area (eg. grams per square metre). Productivity refers to the rate at which this biomass accumulates ie how fast matter is added (grows). Productivity is measured in dry weight (or energy) per unit are per unit time (eg. grams or kilojoules per square metre per year). Morritt:C:\My Documents\12 BIOLOGY\Ecosystem Balance\Class notes -4- ENERGY FLOWS THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM PRODUCER Chemical energy CONSUMER DECOMPOSER Cellular respiration New tissue Chemical energy Cellular respiration New tissue Cellular respiration New tissue Chemical energy MATTER IS RECYCLED- A GENERAL MODEL (You have studied the carbon, and nitrogen cycles in detail) BIOTIC COMMUNITY ABIOTIC COMMUNITY Morritt:C:\My Documents\12 BIOLOGY\Ecosystem Balance\Class notes -5-