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8th Grade grammar notes Prepositions A preposition is a word that relates a noun or a pronoun to another word in the sentence. EX: The boy near the window is Italian. (The word near is the preposition, and it shows the relationship between the noun window and the word boy) aboard about above across after against along among around as Common Prepositions at down off to before during on toward behind except onto under below for opposite underneath beneath from out until beside in outside up besides inside over upon between into past with beyond like since within but (except) near through without by Of throughout A preposition may consist of more than one word. EX: Vicki will visit Trinidad instead of Jamaica. according to across from along with Some Compound Prepositions aside from in front of because of in place of except for in spite of instead of on account of on top of A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or a pronoun, which is called the object of the preposition. EX: Hang the painting outside the new auditorium. Between the chair and the table was a window. (compound object) When a pronoun is the object of the preposition, use an object pronoun, not a subject pronoun. EX: Mateo handed the tickets to Naomi. Mateo handed the tickets to her. (the object pronoun her replaced Naomi) A preposition may have a compound object: 2 or more nouns, 2 or more pronouns, or a combination of nouns and pronouns. Use object pronouns in compound objects. EX: I borrowed the book from Emily and Patrick. I borrowed the book from Emily and him. I borrowed the book from her and Patrick. I borrowed the book from her and him. If you’re not sure whether to use a subject pronoun or an object pronoun, read the sentence aloud with only the pronoun. Who is a subject pronoun. Whom is an object pronoun. EX: Who lent you the book? From whom did you borrow the book? A prepositional phrase is an adjective phrase when it modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. EX: The servers at the new restaurant are courteous. (modifies servers) The atmosphere includes photographs from old movies. (modifies photographs) A prepositional phrase is an adverb phrase when it modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Use Modifies a Verb Adverb Phrases Examples The servers dress like movie characters. Modifies an The restaurant is popular with young people. Adjective Modifies an Adverb The restaurant opens early in the morning. Most adverb phrases tell when, where, or how an action takes place. Telling prepositions and adverbs apart can be difficult. Both prepositions and adverbs can answer the questions where? and when? You need to look at the other words in the sentence If the word is not followed closely by a noun or pronoun, the word is probably an adverb. EX: We ate our lunch outside. We walked around for an hour. Conjunctions A coordinating conjunction is a word used to connect compound parts of a sentence. EX: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet Using Coordinating Conjunctions to form Compounds Compound Sam and Alessio have visited Mexico City. Subject Compound Give your suitcases and packages to Sammi or Objects Ashley. Compound Tourists shop or relax on the beach. Predicate Compound Taylor shopped every day, but we toured the Sentence city. Correlative conjunctions are pairs of words used to connect compound parts of a sentence. EX: both….and, either….or, neither….nor, not only…..but also EX: Examples of great architectures exist in both New York and Paris. Neither Jesse nor Mario has visited those cities. When a compound subject is joined by and, the subject is usually plural. The verb must agree with the plural subject. EX: Taylor and Jackie in Madrid this week. When a compound subject is joined by or or nor, the verb must agree with the nearer subject. EX: Neither Joe nor the twins Spanish. Neither the twins nor Joe Spanish. You can use a special kind of adverb instead of a conjunction to join simple sentences in a compound sentence called a conjunctive adverb. EX: Many Asians use chopsticks, but some use forks. Many Asians use chopsticks; however, some use forks. A conjunctive adverb is usually stronger and more exact than a coordinating conjunction. Using Conjunctive Adverbs To replace and besides, furthermore, moreover To replace but however, nevertheless, still, otherwise To state a result consequently, therefore, thus To state equality equally, likewise, similarly When two simple sentences are joined with a conjunctive adverb, use a semicolon at the end of the first sentence. Place a comma after the conjunctive adverb that begins the second part of a compound sentence. EX: The school cafeteria sometimes serves Chinese food; however, these meals are not very tasty. If the conjunctive adverb is used in the middle of a simple sentence, set it off with commas. EX: The school cafeteria sometimes serves Chinese food; these meals, however, are not very tasty. Interjections An interjection is a word or group of words that expresses emotion and has no grammatical connection to other words in a sentence. aha alas gee good grief Some Common Interjections great my ha no hey oh hooray oops ouch well wow yes An interjection that expresses strong emotion may stand alone. It begins with a capital letter and ends with an exclamation point. EX: Good grief! My favorite restaurant has closed. When an interjection expresses mild feelings, it is written as part of the sentence and is set off with commas. EX: Oh, well, I’ll just eat at home. NOTE: Most words may be more than one part of speech. It will depend on its use in a sentence. EX: A duck has soft down on its body. (Noun) The hungry boy downed the hamburger in three bites. (Verb) Libby felt down all day. (Adjective) The baby often falls down. (Adverb) A car drove down the street. (Preposition) “Down!” I shouted to the dog. (Interjection)