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Biology Honor Name _____________________________________________ EVOLUTION CONNECTION 0: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY 2015-­‐2016 Date _________________ Block ____________ Prelude Unit: Introduction, Evolution Connection 0: Cladistics and Evolution by Natural Selection
Learning Objectives E – 1. Compare and contrast the three domains of living things. E – 2. Use a phylogenetic tree to determine evolutionary relationships and common ancestry. E – 3. Describe the contributions of Charles Darwin to the field of evolutionary biology. E – 4 Define evolution and theory. E – 5 List and explain the steps of evolution by natural selection. E – 6 Explain how artificial selection helps support Darwin’s theory of natural selection. E – 7 Define population and species (biological concept and others) Key Terms Archaea Phylogenetics Theory Bacteria Cladistics Hypothesis Eukaryota Evolution Species Domain Natural selection Law Common ancestor Artificial selection Fact “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.” -­‐ Theodosius Dobzhansky Evolution is such a broad topic that it relates to every unit in biology. In fact, it is often said that biology is
difficult to understand unless you study it in the context of evolution. During each unit this year, we will discuss
an “evolution connection” in which we will study an aspect of evolution that relates to our unit.
Each evolution connection will be a self-contained worksheet. This way, by the end of the year, you will have
several packets that collectively represent a whole unit on evolution.
We begin our study of biology with a brief introduction to evolution. Use the online resources, along with
chapter 1 of your textbook, to answer the following questions.
Part I: An Introduction to the Theory of Evolution Video: What is a Species? Watch from 0:00 to 4:23. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fOfFlMe6ek 1. Taxonomy is the study of: 2. What is the original scientific definition of species? 3. What problems exist with the “biological species concept”? 4. What other species definitions are there? Video: Theory vs. Hypothesis vs. Law….. Explained! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqk3TKuGNBA 5. Define the following terms. Give an example of each: Term Definition Example Fact Hypothesis Theory Law 6. Why is it incorrect to say that a hypothesis is “proven”? 7. A common misconception of the general public is that science isn’t really sure about evolution and climate change. You will frequently hear people say, “Oh, that’s just a theory”. Why do you think this confusion exists? 8. Is your answer to question #7 a fact, hypothesis, theory, or law? 9. Is Gravity a theory? Is it a law? Explain. NOVA Evolution Lab http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/labs/lab/evolution/ Scroll down to “Video Quizzes”. Watch all 5 videos and answer the accompanying questions. Take notes on important concepts in the text box below the multiple-­‐choice questions. (At the end you will submit your answers and notes to your teacher. Be thorough.) Videos: -­‐ Evolution 101: (Your notes should include) What is evolutionary “fitness”? Are “evolution” and “natural selection” the same thing? Can individual organisms adapt to their environments? -­‐ Training Trees: (Your notes should include) What is speciation? What types of information can be found in a phylogenic tree? -­‐ Fossils: Rocking the Earth -­‐ DNA spells evolution -­‐ Biogeography At the end, click “My lab report”. Open the HTML of your evolution lab report. Save it and submit to your teacher via Google Classroom. Part II: Evolutionary Relationships and Cladistics http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/Trex/ Begin this activity by going to the website below and selecting “Student Start” You will navigate through all 5 folders in this tutorial, beginning with folder 1. Folder 1: 1. List some distinguishing characteristics of each of the 3 domains of living things. Domain Distinguishing Characteristics Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota 2. What is a common ancestor? 3. How long ago did all living things share a common ancestor? Folder 2: When you have examined the information in this folder, do the knowledge check questions below. (Note: these questions relate to the evolutionary tree below, which is different from the tree on the website.) 4. In the cladogram provided, label the distinct history, shared history, and common ancestor for kangaroo and human. 5. Which organism in the cladogram is most closely related to humans? Explain. Notice: in this typical cladogram, no information is given about relative time between evolutionary events. If the spacing between branches were different, we would call this a phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic trees are just one specific type of cladogram. Folders 3 & 4: 6. What type of information is shown in a cladogram? 7. Fill in the tables below. 8. To which animal is T. rex most closely related? (Circle one) Folder 5 Caiman Parrot 9. Use the information gathered in folders 1 – 4 to make inferences about the following:
Color
vision
Warm
blooded
Feathers
Sing to
Young
Scaly
skin
Melanin
pigment
Amniotic
egg
Few
glands
in skin
Hole in
hip
socket
3chambered
heart
4–
chambered
heart
Caiman
+
0
0
+
+
+
+
+
0
+
0
Parrot
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
0
+
T. rex
Cladistics and phylogeny are related fields of biology that try to map evolutionary relationships between organisms. Using cladistics, all organisms can be classified into 3 major groups, or domains. Examine the phylogenetic tree below. 10. Which two domains are most closely related to one another? Explain your answer. 11. Circle the two domains that are composed of prokaryotic organisms. Part III: Evolution by Natural Selection Video: “Who Was Charles Darwin?” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/educators/teachstuds/svideos.html 12. What characteristics made Darwin especially well suited for science? 13. What did Darwin see and do on his 5-­‐year voyage aboard the Beagle? 14. What new idea did Charles Darwin introduce to science? How did it challenge the current understanding of biodiversity? We Can Observe Changing Populations Video: How Does Evolution Really Work? http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/educators/teachstuds/svideos.html 15. What are the four components of natural selection? A. B. C. D. 16. What determines an individual hummingbird’s beak length? 17. What factors in the environment might select for beak length and shape within hummingbird populations? 18. How can hummingbird DNA help Dr. Schneider determine the evolutionary history of hummingbirds? Artificial Selection as Evidence for Natural Selection http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_30 19. What is artificial selection? 20. Charles Darwin was very interested in artificial selection. How might artificial selection serve as a type of evidence that evolution occurs by natural selection? 21. Name and describe another example of organisms that have been changed by humans via artificial selection.