Download Piante per Bevande

Piante per Bevande
Galinsoga parviflora
Common name:
Gallant soldier
Family:
Compositae
Author:
Cav.
Botanical references:
17
Synonyms:
Known Hazards:
None known
Range:
S. America. Naturalized in S. Britain.
Habitat:
Arable land, waste places, pavements in towns etc[9, 17], often in
partial shade[85].
Plants For A Future Rating
2
(1-5):
Other Possible
Synonyms:
Other Common
Names:
Epithets:
Other Range Info:
From various places across the web, may not be correct. See below.
G. parviflora var. semicalva[B,P] G. semicalva[B,P] G. semicalva var.
percalva[B,P]
From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below.
Gallant Soldier [L], Gallant-soldier [B], Gallantsoldier [P], Kaal Knopkruid [D],
Small-flower Galingsoga [L],
From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets
flora = flowered; parviflora = small flowered;
From the Ethnobotany Database
Malaysia
Physical Characteristics
Annual growing to 0.6m. . It is in flower from May to October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have
both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. The plant is self-fertile. We rate it 2
out of 5 for usefulness.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. The plant prefers acid,
neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It
requires moist soil.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Cultivated Beds.
Edible Uses
Condiment; Drink; Flowers; Leaves; Stem.
The leaves, stem and flowering shoots - raw or cooked and eaten as a potherb, or added to soups
and stews[55, 62, 144, 183]. They can be dried and ground into a powder then used as a
flavouring in soups etc[183]. A bland but very acceptable food[85, 144], it makes a fine salad either
on its own or mixed with other leaves[9].
The fresh juice can be mixed and drunk with tomato or vegetable juices[183].
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Stings.
When rubbed onto the body, the plant is useful in treating nettle stings[240].
Other Uses
None known
Gallio (Galium verum)
Common name:
Lady's bedstraw
Family:
Rubiaceae
Author:
L.
Botanical references:
17, 200
Synonyms:
Known Hazards:
None known
Range:
Britain.
Habitat:
Waste ground, roadsides etc[7], mainly near the sea[4], on all but the
most acid soils[17].
Plants For A Future
Rating (1-5):
3
From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below.
Other
Common
Names:
Epithets:
Baqlat Al Laban [E], Caille Lait [E], Cheese Rennet [H], Cheese Renning [H],
Cleavers,Common [E], Gaillet Jaune [E], Galio [E], Geel Walstro [D], Khitharah [E],
Lady's Bedstraw [H,L], Maid's Hair [H], Our Lady's Bedstraw [H], Petty Mugget [H],
Yellow Bedstraw [H,L], Yellow Spring Bedstraw [P,B], Yogurtotu [E],
From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets
verum = true;
Other
From the Ethnobotany Database
Range Info: Britain; Europe; France; Iraq; Spain; Turkey; Us
Physical Characteristics
Perennial growing to 0.6m by 1m . It is hardy to zone 3 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from
July to August, and the seeds ripen from August to September. The flowers are hermaphrodite
(have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Flies and beetles. The plant is selffertile. It is noted for attracting wildlife. We rate it 3 out of 5 for usefulness.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained
soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light
woodland) or no shade. It requires dry or moist soil. The plant can tolerate maritime exposure.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Meadow, Woodland, Sunny Edge, Dappled Shade.
Edible Uses
Coffee; Colouring; Curdling agent; Drink; Leaves; Seed.
Leaves - raw or cooked[62, 179].
A yellow dye from the flowering stems is used as a food colouring[105, 183].
The roasted seed is a coffee substitute[7]. The seed is also said to be edible[179].
The chopped up plant can be used as a rennet to coagulate plant milks[7, 67, 115, 183, 244].
The flowering tops are distilled in water to make a refreshing acid beverage[2, 183].
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Antispasmodic; Astringent; Diuretic; Foot care; Lithontripic; Vulnerary.
Lady's bedstraw has a long history of use as a herbal medicine, though it is little used in modern
medicine. Its main application is as a diuretic and as a treatment for skin complaints[254].
The leaves, stems and flowering shoots are antispasmodic, astringent, diuretic, foot care,
lithontripic and vulnerary[4, 7, 9]. The plant is used as a remedy in gravel, stone or urinary
disorders[4, 9, 53, 238] and is believed to be a remedy for epilepsy[4, 21]. A powder made from the
fresh plant is used to soothe reddened skin and reduce inflammation[7] whilst the plant is also
used as a poultice on cuts, skin infections, slow-healing wounds etc[9]. The plant is harvested as it
comes into flower and is dried for later use[9].
A number of species in this genus contain asperuloside, a substance that produces coumarin and
gives the scent of new-mown hay as the plant dries[238]. Asperuloside can be converted into
prostaglandins (hormone-like compounds that stimulate the uterus and affect blood vessels),
making the genus of great interest to the pharmaceutical industry[238].
We have a more details factsheet on the history and medicinal use of this plant. Email
[email protected] for details.
Other Uses
Dye; Repellent; Strewing; Stuffing.
A red dye is obtained from the root[4, 6, 7, 67, 115]. It is rather fiddly to utilize[169].
A yellow dye is obtained from the flowering tops[4, 7, 115]. The dye is obtained from the foliage
when it is boiled with alum[207].
The dried plant has the scent of newly mown hay, it was formerly used as a strewing herb[24] and
for stuffing mattresses etc[61, 67, 115]. It is said to keep fleas away[207].
A sprig in a shoe is said to prevent blisters[67].
Geum urbanum
Common name:
Wood avens
Family:
Rosaceae
Author:
L.
Botanical references:
17, 200
Synonyms:
Known Hazards:
None known
Range:
Britain.
Habitat:
Woods, hedge banks, walls etc, usually on damp soils[9, 13].
Plants For A Future Rating (1-5): 3
From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below.
Other
Common
Names:
Epithets:
Avens [H], Benedicte [E], Cariofilada [E], City Avens [H], Clove Root [H], Colewort
[H], Common Avens [L], Geel Nagelkruid [D], Goldy Star [H], Hashishat Al Mubarek
[E], Herb Bennet [P,H], Herb-bennet [B], Meryemotu [E], Seiyo-Daikon-So [E], Way
Bennet [H], Wild Rye [H], Wood Avens [L,H],
From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets
urbanum = from the city;
Other Range From the Ethnobotany Database
Info:
Europe; France; Germany; India; Iraq; Spain; Turkey
Physical Characteristics
Perennial growing to 0.5m by 0.5m . It is hardy to zone 6 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from
June to August. The scented flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and
are pollinated by Bees. The plant is self-fertile. We rate it 3 out of 5 for usefulness.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained
soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light
woodland) or no shade. It requires moist soil.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Hedgerow, Woodland, Sunny Edge, Dappled Shade, Shady Edge, In Walls, In North Wall, In East
Wall, In West Wall.
Edible Uses
Condiment; Drink; Leaves; Root.
Young leaves - cooked.
Root - cooked. Used as a spice in soups, stews etc, and also as a flavouring in ale[4, 5, 8, 13,
183]. It is a substitute for cloves with a hint of cinnamon in the flavour[12, 74, 183]. It is best used
in spring[12]. The root is also boiled to make a beverage[161]. The root is up to 5cm long[4].
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Antiinflammatory; Antiseptic; Aromatic; Astringent; Diaphoretic; Febrifuge; Skin; Stomachic;
Styptic; Tonic.
Wood avens is an astringent herb, used principally to treat problems affecting the mouth, throat
and gastro-intestinal tract. It tightens up soft gums, heals mouth ulcers, makes a good gargle for
infections of the pharynx and larynx, and reduces irritation of the stomach and gut[254].
All parts of the plant, but especially the root, are anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aromatic, astringent,
diaphoretic, febrifuge, stomachic, styptic and tonic[4, 9, 21, 165, 238]. An infusion is taken
internally in the treatment of diarrhoea, intestinal disorders, stomach upsets, irritable bowel
syndrome and liver disorders, it is also applied externally as a wash to haemorrhoids, vaginal
discharges etc[238, 254] and to treat various skin afflictions - it is said to remove spots, freckles
and eruptions from the face[4, 9].
The root is best harvested in the spring, since at this time it is most fragrant[4]. Much of the
fragrance can be lost on drying, so the root should be dried with great care then stored in a cool
dry place in an airtight container, being sliced and powdered only when required for use[4].
Other Uses
Repellent; Tannin.
The freshly dug root has a clove-like fragrance[4], when dried it is used in the linen cupboard to
repel moths[4, 53].
The root contains about 9% tannin[4].
Luppolo (Humulus lupulus)
A photo of this plant will appear in the forthcoming CD-ROM.
Common
Hop
Family:
name:
Author:
L.
Botanical references:
Cannabidaceae
17, 200
Synonyms:
Known
Hazards:
Skin contact with the plant causes dermatitis in sensitive people[222]. Hops
dermatitis has long been recognized. Not only hands and face, but legs have
suffered purpuric eruptions due to hop picking. Although only 1 in 3,000 workers is
estimated to be treated, one in 30 are believed to suffer dermatitis[269]. Dislodged
hairs from the plant can irritate the eyes[222].
Range:
Britain.
Habitat:
Hedgerows, woodlands and sunny waste ground[7].
Plants For A
Future Rating 4
(1-5):
Other Common
From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below.
Names:
Common Hop [P,H,B], European Hops [S], Hop [H,D,L], Hoppu [E], Hops
[H,E], Hops, European [S], Lupulin [E], Lupulo [E], Omerotu [E], Oubion
[E], Serbetciotu [E],
Other Range Info:
From the Ethnobotany Database
Belgium; Britain; China; Germany; Nepal; Spain; Turkey; Us; Us(Or); Ussr
Plant Passport
required for Trade in
UK/EU
From DEFRA Plant passporting.
Plant Passport Required for trade in the UK/Europe.
Physical Characteristics
Perennial Climber growing to 6m at a medium rate. It is hardy to zone 5 and is not frost tender. It is
in flower from July to August, and the seeds ripen from September to October. The scented flowers
are dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any
one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required) and are pollinated by
Wind. The plant not is self-fertile. It is noted for attracting wildlife. We rate it 4 out of 5 for
usefulness.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. The plant prefers acid,
neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It
requires dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Hedgerow, Woodland, Sunny Edge, Dappled Shade, Shady Edge, By Walls, By North Wall, By
East Wall.
Edible Uses
Drink; Leaves; Root; Rutin; Tea.
Young leaves and young shoots - cooked[2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 33, 37]. The flavour is unique and, to many
tastes, delicious[183]. Young leaves can be eaten in salads[1, 183]. Use before the end of
May[12]. The leaves contain rutin[218].
The fleshy rhizomes are sometimes eaten[183].
A tea is made from the leaves and cones[183]. It has a gentle calming effect[4].
The dried flowering heads of female plants are used as a flavouring and preservative in beer[2,
183]. They are also medicinal[2]. The flowering heads are sprinkled with bitter-tasting yellow
translucent glands, which appear as a granular substance[4]. This substance prevents gramnegative bacteria from growing in the beer or wort[269]. Much of the hop's use as a flavouring and
medicinal plant depends on the abundance of this powdery substance[4]. The seeds contain
gamma-linolenic acid, an essential fatty acid that is said to have many important functions in the
human body and is rarely found in plant sources[218].
The essential oil in the flowering heads is used as a flavouring in cereal beverages and mineral
waters[269]. Extracts from the plant, and the oil, are used as flavouring in non-alcoholic beverages,
frozen dairy desserts, candy, baked goods and puddings, with the highest average maximum use
level of 0.072% reported for an extract used in baked goods[269].
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Anodyne; Antibacterial; Antiseptic; Antispasmodic; Diuretic; Febrifuge; Galactogogue; Hypnotic;
Nervine; Sedative; Stomachic; Tonic.
Hops have a long and proven history of herbal use, where they are employed mainly for their
soothing, sedative, tonic and calming effect on the body and the mind. Their strongly bitter flavour
largely accounts for their ability to strengthen and stimulate the digestion, increasing gastric and
other secretions[254].
The female fruiting body is anodyne, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic, febrifuge, hypnotic,
nervine, sedative, stomachic and tonic[4, 9, 21, 46, 165, 192, 218]. Hops are widely used as a folk
remedy to treat a wide range of complaints, including boils, bruises, calculus, cancer, cramps,
cough, cystitis, debility, delirium, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, fever, fits, hysteria, inflammation, insomnia,
jaundice, nerves, neuralgia, rheumatism, and worms[269]. The hairs on the fruits contain lupulin, a
sedative and hypnotic drug[213, 218]. When given to nursing mothers, lupulin increases the flow of
milk - recent research has shown that it contains a related hormone that could account for this
effect[7]. The decoction from the flower is said to remedy swellings and hardness of the
uterus[269]. Hop flowers are much used as an infusion or can also be used to stuff pillows where
the weight of the head will release the volatile oils[213]. The fruit is also applied externally as a
poultice to ulcers, boils, painful swellings etc[4, 218], it is said to remedy painful tumours[269]. The
female flowering heads are harvested in the autumn and can be used fresh or dried[238].
Alcoholic extracts of hops in various dosage forms have been used clinically in treating numerous
forms of leprosy, pulmonary tuberculosis, and acute bacterial dysentery, with varying degrees of
success in China.
The female fruiting body contains humulone and lupulone, these are highly bacteriostatic against
gram-positive and acid-fast bacteria[240].
A cataplasm of the leaf is said to remedy cold tumours[269].
We have a more details factsheet on the history and medicinal use of this plant. Email
[email protected] for details.
Other Uses
Dye; Essential; Fibre; Paper.
A fine brown dye is obtained from the leaves and flower heads[4, 100, 269].
An essential oil from the female fruiting heads is used in perfumery[213, 238]. Average yields are
0.4 - 0.5%[240].
Extracts of the plant are used in Europe in skin creams and lotions for their alleged skin-softening
properties[269].
A fibre is obtained from the stems[46]. Similar to hemp (Cannabis sativa)[100] but not as
strong[115], it is used to make a coarse kind of cloth[4]. It is sometimes used for filler material in
corrugated paper or board products, but is unsuited for corrugated paper because of low pulp yield
and high chemical requirement, or for production of high-grade pulp for speciality paper[269]. The
fibre is very durable but it is difficult to separate, the stems need to be soaked beforehand for a
whole winter[4]. A paper can also be made from the fibre, the stems are harvested in the autumn,
the leaves removed and the stems steamed until the fibres can be removed. The fibre is cooked for
2 hours with lye and then hand pounded with mallets or ball milled for 2½ hours. The paper is
brown in colour[189
Mahonia aquifolium
Common name:
Oregon grape
Family:
Berberidaceae
Author:
(Pursh.) Nutt.
Botanical references:
11, 200
Synonyms:
Berberis aquifolium (Pursh.)
Known Hazards:
None known
Range:
Western N. America. Naturalized in Britain.
Habitat:
Mixed coniferous woods to 2000 metres. It is found in woods and
hedgerows in Britain[17].
Plants For A Future
Rating (1-5):
4
Other
From various places across the web, may not be correct. See below.
Possible
Berberis amplectens[B,P] Berberis aquifolium var. dictyota[B,P] Berberis aquifolium
Synonyms: var. repens[B,P] Berberis californica[B] Berberis dictyota[B,P] Berberis piperiana[B,P]
Berberis pumila[B,P] Berberis repens[B,G,P] Berberis sonnei[B,FWSSYM,G,P] M.
amplectens[B,P] M. aquifolia[E,HPIC,H,Smap,Sn6,Sngs] M. californica[B] M.
dictyota[B,CPHOTO,CAL,CAL,P] M. piperiana[B,P] M. pumila[B,P] M.
repens[B,CPHOTO,FWS,FWS,CAL,CAL,E,G,HORTIPLEX,Smap,Smo,Swal,P] M.
repens var. rotundifolia[G] M. sonnei[B,G,P] Odostemon aquifolium[B,P] Odostemon
dictyota[B,P] Odostemon pumilus[B,P] Odostemon repens[B,P]
From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below.
Other
Common
Names:
Epithets:
Other
Range
Info:
Agrecillo [E], Berberi [E], Creeping Oregon-grape [B], Epine Vinette [E], Holly-Leaved
Barberry [E], Holly-leaf Oregon-grape [B], Holly-leaved Barberry [H], Hollyleaved
Barberry [P], Jepson's Oregon-grape [B], Mahonia [E], Mahonie [D], Mountain Grape
[H,E], Oregon Grape [H,E,S], Oregon Grape Root [H], Oregon Grape, Creeping [S],
Oregon-grape [L], Oregongrape [E,P], Rocky Mountain Oregon Grape [S], Shining
Netvein Barberry [P], Yerba De Sangre [S], Yerba De Sangre, Creeping Oregon
Grape [S],
From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets
aquifolium = holly like;
From the Ethnobotany Database
France; Germany; Italy; Netherlands; Spain; Us
Physical Characteristics
An evergreen shrub growing to 2m by 1.5m . It is hardy to zone 5. It is in leaf all year, in flower
from January to May, and the seeds ripen from August to September. The scented flowers are
hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. The plant is selffertile. We rate it 4 out of 5 for usefulness.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and can grow in heavy clay
soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in full shade (deep
woodland) semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It requires dry or moist soil.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Hedge, Woodland, Sunny Edge, Dappled Shade, Shady Edge, Deep Shade, Ground Cover.
Edible Uses
Drink; Flowers; Fruit.
Fruit - raw or cooked[2, 3, 5, 95]. The fruit is almost as large as a blackcurrant and is produced in
large bunches so it is easy to harvest[K]. It has an acid flavour, but it is rather nice raw and is
especially good when added to a porridge or muesli[K]. Unfortunately, there is relatively little flesh
and a lot of seeds, though some plants have larger and juicier fruits[K]. The cooked fruit tastes
somewhat like blackcurrants[K]. The fruit can also be dried and stored for later use[257].
Flowers - raw. They can also be used to make a lemonade-like drink[183].
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Alterative; Antibacterial; Antitumor; Blood tonic; Cholagogue; Diuretic; Laxative; Ophthalmic; Tonic.
Oregon grape was often used by several native North American Indian tribes to treat loss of
appetite and debility[254]. Its current herbal use is mainly in the treatment of gastritis and general
digestive weakness, to stimulate the kidney and gallbladder function and to reduce catarrhal
problems[254, 257].
The root and root bark is alterative, blood tonic, cholagogue, diuretic, laxative and tonic[4, 21, 165,
257]. It improves the digestion and absorption and is taken internally in the treatment of psoriasis,
syphilis, haemorrhages, stomach complaints and impure blood conditions[4, 238]. Externally, it has
been used as a gargle for sore throats and as a wash for blurry or bloodshot eyes[257]. The roots
are harvested in late autumn or early spring and dried for later use[238].
The fruit is an excellent gentle and safe laxative[257].
Berberine, universally present in rhizomes of Mahonia species, has marked antibacterial
effects[218] and is used as a bitter tonic[213]. Since it is not appreciably absorbed by the body, it is
used orally in the treatment of various enteric infections, especially bacterial dysentery[218]. It
should not be used with Glycyrrhiza species (Liquorice) because this nullifies the effects of the
berberine[218]. Berberine has also shown antitumour activity[218].
The root and root bark are best harvested in the autumn[213].
We have a more details factsheet on the history and medicinal use of this plant. Email
[email protected] for details.
Other Uses
Dye; Ground cover; Hedge.
A yellow dye is obtained from the inner bark of the stem and roots[99, 101, 257]. It is green
according to another report[168].
Dark green, violet and dark blue-purple dyes are obtained from the fruit[168].
A green dye is obtained from the leaves[168].
This species can be grown as a low hedge and does not need trimming. Because of its suckering
Mirto (Myrtus communis)
Common name:
Myrtle Family:
Author:
L.
Myrtaceae
Botanical references: 11, 50, 200
Synonyms:
Known Hazards:
None known
Range:
S. Europe to W. Asia.
Habitat:
Scrub, avoiding calcareous soils[50].
Plants For A Future Rating (1-5): 3
Other Common
Names:
Epithets:
Other Range
Info:
From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below.
Arrayan [E], As [E], Ass [E], Greek Myrtle [H], Lampsana [E], Mersin [E], Murt
[E], Murtek [E], Myrtle [H,E,P], Sweet Myrtle [H], Yas [E],
From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets
communis = common;
From the Ethnobotany Database
Europe; Greece; Iraq; Kurdistan; Spain; Turkey
Physical Characteristics
An evergreen shrub growing to 4.5m by 3m at a medium rate. It is hardy to zone 8 and is frost
tender. It is in leaf all year, in flower from July to August, and the seeds ripen in October. The
scented flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by
Bees. The plant is self-fertile. We rate it 3 out of 5 for usefulness.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained
soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It
requires dry or moist soil. The plant can tolerate maritime exposure.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Hedge, Woodland, Sunny Edge.
Cultivar 'Tarentina': Hedge, Woodland, Sunny Edge.
Edible Uses
Condiment; Drink; Flowers; Fruit.
Fruit - raw or cooked[2, 105]. The fruit has an aromatic flavour[245], it can be eaten fresh when
ripe or can be dried and is then used as an aromatic food flavouring, especially in the Middle
East[7, 46, 238]. It can also be made into an acid drink[89, 148]. The fruit is about 8mm in
diameter[200].
The leaves are used as a flavouring in cooked savoury dishes[238].
The dried fruits and flower buds are used to flavour sauces, syrups etc[183].
An essential oil from the leaves and twigs is used as a condiment, especially when mixed with
other spices[183].
In Italy the flower buds are eaten[183]. The flowers have a sweet flavour and are used in
salads[245].
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Antibiotic; Antiseptic; Aromatic; Astringent; Balsamic; Carminative; Haemostatic; Tonic.
The leaves are aromatic, balsamic, haemostatic and tonic[7, 46]. Recent research has revealed a
substance in the plant that has an antibiotic action[7]. The active ingredients in myrtle are rapidly
absorbed and give a violet-like scent to the urine within 15 minutes[238]. The plant is taken
internally in the treatment of urinary infections, digestive problems, vaginal discharge, bronchial
congestion, sinusitis and dry coughs[238, 254]. In India it is considered to be useful in the
treatment of cerebral affections, especially epilepsy[240]. Externally, it is used in the treatment of
acne (the essential oil is normally used here), wounds, gum infections and haemorrhoids[238]. The
leaves are picked as required and used fresh or dried[238].
An essential oil obtained from the plant is antiseptic[240]. It contains the substance myrtol - this is
used as a remedy for gingivitis[7]. The oil is used as a local application in the treatment of
rheumatism[240].
The fruit is carminative[240]. It is used in the treatment of dysentery, diarrhoea, haemorrhoids,
internal ulceration and rheumatism[240].
We have a more details factsheet on the history and medicinal use of this plant. Email
[email protected] for details.
Other Uses
Charcoal; Essential; Hedge.
The plant is very tolerant of regular clipping[200] and can be grown as a hedge in the milder parts
of Britain[166, 200].
An essential oil from the bark, leaves and flowers is used in perfumery, soaps and skin-care
products[89, 143, 238]. An average yield of 10g of oil is obtained from 100 kilos of leaves[7].
A perfumed water, known as "eau d'ange", is obtained from the flowers[245].
A high quality charcoal is made from the wood[89].
Wood - hard, elastic, very fine grained. Used for walking sticks, tool handles, furniture etc[46, 89].
Ninfea gialla (Nuphar lutea)
Common name:
Yellow water lily
Family:
Nymphaeaceae
Author:
(L.) Sm.
Botanical references:
17, 200
Synonyms:
Nymphaea lutea (L.)
Known Hazards:
There are a number of reports that the plant is edible but one report suggests
that the plant is poisonous without giving further details[19].
Range:
Britain.
Habitat:
Deep, slow moving or still water to a depth of 3m[19, 100].
Plants For A Future
3
Rating (1-5):
Other Possible
Synonyms:
From various places across the web, may not be correct. See below.
N. advena[H] N. lutar[H] N. luteum[E,Smo]
From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below.
Other Common European Yellow Pond-lily [H], Gele Plomp [D], Nenufar Amarillo [E], Pond Lily,
Names:
Yellow [S], Pondlily,Yellow [E], Sarinilufer [E], Yellow Pond Lily [S], Yellow Pondlily [B], Yellow Pondlily [P], Yellow Water-lily [L],
Epithets:
Other Range
Info:
From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets
lutea = yellow;
From the Ethnobotany Database
Spain; Turkey; Us
Physical Characteristics
Perennial. It is hardy to zone 4. It is in flower from June to August, and the seeds ripen from
August to September. The scented flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs)
and are pollinated by Flies. We rate it 3 out of 5 for usefulness.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. The plant prefers acid,
neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It can
grow in water.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Pond.
Edible Uses
Drink; Leaves; Root; Seed.
Root - cooked[2, 46, 61, 177, 183]. An edible starch can be extracted from the root[183]. A
possible emergency food[61]. The root has a bitter flavour - this bitterness can be removed by
leaching the root in water[K].
Leaves and leaf stalks - cooked[2, 177, 183].
Seed - cooked[105]. It can be ground into a powder and used in making bread and porridge, or for
thickening soups etc[207]. The seed can also be parched, when it swells considerably but does not
burst like popcorn[183]. It is then normally eaten dry[207].
A refreshing drink is made from the flowers[2, 183].
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Anaphrodisiac; Anodyne; Antiscrophulatic; Antispasmodic; Astringent; Cardiotonic; Demulcent;
Hypotensive; Sedative; Vasoconstrictor.
The roots are anaphrodisiac, anodyne, antiscrofulatic, astringent, cardiotonic, demulcent and
sedative[4]. Caution should be exercised because large doses are potentially toxic[222].
A tea made from the roots is used in the treatment of 'sexual irritability', blood diseases, chills
etc[4, 222]. The root is poulticed and applied to swellings, inflammations, cuts etc[4, 222].
The root contains steroids and is a folk remedy for infertility[222].
Alkaloids in the root are reportedly hypotensive, antispasmodic, cardiac, tonic and
vasoconstrictor[222].
Other Uses
None known
Pino strobo (Pinus strobus)
Common name:
White pine
Family:
Pinaceae
Author:
L.
Botanical references:
11, 43, 200
Synonyms:
Known Hazards:
The wood, sawdust and resins from various species of pine can cause
dermatitis in sensitive people[222].
Range:
Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia.
Habitat:
Woods, especially on sandy drift soils or fertile well-drained soils, sometimes
on river banks and rarely in swamps[82]. Often forming dense forests[235].
Plants For A Future
2
Rating (1-5):
Other Possible
Synonyms:
From various places across the web, may not be correct. See below.
P. alba[H] P. strobus f. prostrata[G] Strobus strobus[B,P]
From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below.
Other Common Names: Eastern White Pine [B,P,L], Pin Noir [E], Pine, White [S], Schwarzer
Kiefer [E], Sutorobu-Matu [E], Weymouth Den [E], Weymouthden [D],
White Pine [H,S,E],
Epithets:
From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets
strobus = gum yielding;
Other Range Info:
From the Ethnobotany Database
France; Germany; Netherlands; Us; Us(Amerindian); Us(Appalachia)
Plant Passport required From DEFRA Plant passporting.
for Trade in UK/EU
Plant Passport Required for commercial growers in the UK/Europe.
Physical Characteristics
An evergreen tree growing to 20m by 5m at a fast rate. . It is in leaf all year, and the seeds ripen in
October. The flowers are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes
can be found on the same plant) and are pollinated by Wind. The plant not is self-fertile. We rate it
2 out of 5 for usefulness.
The plant prefers light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils, requires well-drained soil and can grow
in nutritionally poor soil. The plant prefers acid and neutral soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It
requires dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought. It cannot tolerate atmospheric pollution.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Woodland, Canopy.
Edible Uses
Condiment; Drink; Flowers; Gum; Inner bark; Seed; Tea.
Seed - raw or cooked[102, 159]. Rather small and fiddly, it is only about 6mm long[200]. The seed
is mainly used as a flavouring in cooking[213].
The fresh needles are brewed into an aromatic tea that is rich in vitamins A and C[183]. A
refreshing drink is made from the leaves[159].
An acceptable candy is made by boiling the tender new shoots in syrup[183].
The sticky amber sap can be used for chewing[102, 159].
A vanillin flavouring is obtained as a by-product of other resins that are released from the
pulpwood[200].
The firm unexpanded male cones can be boiled and used as a flavouring[177, 183]. A pleasant
sweet flavour[257].
Inner bark - raw or cooked. A sweet flavour[105, 159, 161, 213]. There are no more details but
inner bark is often dried, ground into a powder and then used as a thickener in soups etc or added
to cereals when making bread.
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Antiscorbutic; Demulcent; Diuretic; Expectorant; Miscellany; Pectoral; Poultice; Salve.
White pine was employed medicinally by several native North American Indian tribes who valued it
especially for its antiseptic and vulnerary qualities, using it extensively in the treatment of skin
complaints, wounds, burns, boils etc[257]. It is also very beneficial to the respiratory system and so
was used in treating coughs, colds, influenza and so on[257].
The turpentine obtained from the resin of all pine trees is antiseptic, diuretic, rubefacient and
vermifuge[4]. It is a valuable remedy used internally in the treatment of kidney and bladder
complaints and is used both internally and as a rub and steam bath in the treatment of rheumatic
affections[4]. It is also very beneficial to the respiratory system and so is useful in treating diseases
of the mucous membranes and respiratory complaints such as coughs, colds, influenza and TB[4].
Externally it is a very beneficial treatment for a variety of skin complaints, wounds, sores, burns,
boils etc and is used in the form of liniment plasters, poultices, herbal steam baths and inhalers[4].
A poultice of pitch has been used to draw out toxins from boils and reduce the pain[257].
The dried inner bark is demulcent, diuretic and expectorant[4]. An infusion was used as a
treatment for colds[213] and it is still used as an ingredient in commercial cough syrups, where it
serves to promote the expulsion of phlegm[213]. A poultice made from the pounded inner bark is
used to treat cuts, sores and wounds[213]. The wetted inner bark can be used as a poultice on the
chest in treating strong colds[257]. The dried inner bark contains 10% tannin, some mucilage, an
oleoresin, a glycoside and a volatile oil[213].
A tea made from the young needles is used to treat sore throats[213]. It is a good source of vitamin
C and so is effective against scurvy[213].
An infusion of the young twigs has been used in the treatment of kidney disorders and pulmonary
complaints[257].
The powdered wood has been used as a dressing on babies chaffed skin, sores and improperly
healed navels[257].
Other Uses
Dye; Herbicide; Pitch; Waterproofing; Wood.
A tan or green dye is obtained from the needles[168].
The needles contain a substance called terpene, this is released when rain washes over the
needles and it has a negative effect on the germination of some plants, including wheat[201].
Oleo-resins are present in the tissues of all species of pines, but these are often not present in
sufficient quantity to make their extraction economically worthwhile[64]. The resins are obtained by
tapping the trunk, or by destructive distillation of the wood[4, 64]. In general, trees from warmer
areas of distribution give the higher yields[64]. Turpentine consists of an average of 20% of the
oleo-resin[64] and is separated by distillation[4, 64]. Turpentine has a wide range of uses including
as a solvent for waxes etc, for making varnish, medicinal etc[4]. Rosin is the substance left after
turpentine is removed. This is used by violinists on their bows and also in making sealing wax,
varnish etc[4]. Pitch can also be obtained from the resin and is used for waterproofing canoes,
containers etc, as a wood preservative etc[257].
Wood - straight and close-grained, light, soft, not strong, works easily and takes an excellent
natural or painted finish[46, 61, 82, 171, 226, 229]. It weighs 24lb per cubic foot[235]. A very
valuable timber[235], the wood is especially suited for making the masts of ships[4] and is also
used for lumber, cheap furniture, house interiors, construction etc[46, 61, 82, 171, 226, 229].
Polygonum alpinum
Common
name:
Alpine knotweed
Family:
Polygonaceae
Author:
All.
Botanical references:
74, 200
Synonyms:
Polygonum undulatum (Murray.)
Known
Hazards:
Although no specific mention has been made for this species, there have been
reports that some members of this genus can cause photosensitivity in susceptible
people. Many species also contain oxalic acid (the distinctive lemony flavour of
sorrel) - whilst not toxic this substance can bind up other minerals making them
unavailable to the body and leading to mineral deficiency. Having said that, a
number of common foods such as sorrel and rhubarb contain oxalic acid and the
leaves of most members of this genus are nutritious and beneficial to eat in
moderate quantities. Cooking the leaves will reduce their content of oxalic acid.
People with a tendency to rheumatism, arthritis, gout, kidney stones or hyperacidity
should take especial caution if including this plant in their diet since it can
aggravate their condition[238].
Range:
Europe to E. Asia.
Habitat:
Damp meadows, wood margins and mixed grass steppes[74]. Open humus-rich
slopes, 2200 - 2700 metres in Kashmir[145].
Plants For A
Future Rating 2
(1-5):
Other
Possible
Synonyms:
From various places across the web, may not be correct. See below.
Other
Common
Names:
From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below.
Epithets:
Aconogonon alpinum[H] Aconogonum alaskanum[B,P] Aconogonum alaskanum
var. glabrescens[B,P] Aconogonum alpinum[B,P] Aconogonum hultenianum[B,P]
Aconogonum hultenianum var. lapathifolium[B,P] P. alaskanum[B,P] P. alaskanum
var. glabrescens[B,P] Pleuropteropyrum alpinum[B,P]
Alaska Wild Rhubarb [P], Alpine Smartweed [B],
From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets
alpinum = alpine;
Physical Characteristics
Perennial growing to 1m by 1m . It is hardy to zone 5. It is in flower from June to July. The flowers
are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. We rate it 2
out of 5 for usefulness.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. The plant prefers acid,
neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It
requires moist soil.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Woodland, Dappled Shade, Shady Edge.
Edible Uses
Drink; Leaves; Seed; Stem.
Leaves - raw or cooked[2, 145]. They have an acid flavour and can be used as a sorrel
substitute[74]. The chopped leaves and stems have been added to a thick pudding of flour and
sugar then eaten[257].
Leaf stems - raw or cooked. An acid flavour, they can be cut into sections and used like rhubarb
(Rheum spp)[257].
The juice from the plant has been sweetened and used as a refreshing drink[257].
Seed - raw or cooked. It is rather small and fiddly to utilize.
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Astringent; Pectoral.
The whole plant is astringent[74]. The raw roots and stem bases have been chewed as a treatment
for coughs and colds[257].
Other Uses
None known
Prunella vulgaris
Common name:
Self-heal
Family:
Labiatae
Author:
L.
Botanical references:
17, 200
Synonyms:
Known Hazards:
None known
Range:
Britain.
Habitat:
Waste ground, grassland, woodland edges etc, usually on basic and
neutral soils[9, 17].
Plants For A Future Rating
3
(1-5):
Other
Possible
Synonyms:
From various places across the web, may not be correct. See below.
Other
From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below.
P. vulgaris ssp. lanceolata[B,C,P] P. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris[B,C,P] P. vulgaris var.
atropurpurea[B,P] P. vulgaris var. calvescens[B,P] P. vulgaris var. elongata[B,P] P.
vulgaris var. hispida[B,P] P. vulgaris var. lanceolata[B,P] P. vulgaris var. minor[B,P]
P. vulgaris var. nana[B,P] P. vulgaris var. parviflora[B,P] P. vulgaris var.
rouleauiana[B,P]
Common
Names:
Epithets:
Other Range
Info:
Adi Erikotu [E], All-heal [H], Carpenter-weed [L], Common Selfheal [P,B], Consolida
Minor [E], Consuelda Menor [E], Gewone Brunel [D], Heal All [H], Heal-all [L],
Healall [E], Heart Of The Earth [H], Hsia Ku Ts'Ao [E], Lance Selfheal [P], Self
Heal, Heal All [S], Self Heal, Heal All, Etc [S], Self-heal [H,L], Selfheal [E],
Sicklewort [E], Xia Ku Cao [E],
From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets
vulgaris = common;
From the Ethnobotany Database
China; Europe; Japan; Spain; Turkey; Us; Us(Amerindian); Us(Appalachia)
Physical Characteristics
Perennial growing to 0.15m by 0.3m . It is hardy to zone 3 and is not frost tender. It is in flower
from July to September, and the seeds ripen from August to September. The flowers are
hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees. We rate it 3 out of
5 for usefulness.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. The plant prefers acid,
neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It
requires moist soil.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Meadow, Lawn, Ground Cover.
Edible Uses
Drink; Leaves.
Leaves - raw or cooked[9]. They can be used in salads, soups, stews etc[183]. Somewhat bitter
due to the presence of tannin in the leaves, though this can be removed by washing the
leaves[177].
A cold water infusion of the freshly chopped or dried and powdered leaves is used as a refreshing
beverage[161, 183]. Very tasty[168].
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Alterative; Antibacterial; Antibiotic; Antipyretic; Antiseptic; Antispasmodic; Astringent; Carminative;
Diuretic; Febrifuge; Hypotensive; Stomachic; Styptic; Tonic; Vermifuge; Vulnerary.
Self heal has a long history of folk use, especially in the treatment of wounds, ulcers, sores etc[7].
It was also taken internally as a tea in the treatment of fevers, diarrhoea, sore mouth, internal
bleeding etc[4, 222].
The whole plant is alterative, antibacterial, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent,
carminative, diuretic, febrifuge, hypotensive, stomachic, styptic, tonic, vermifuge and vulnerary[4,
9, 13, 21, 176, 218]. It has an antibacterial action, inhibiting the growth of Pseudomonas, Bacillus
typhi, E. coli, Mycobacterium tuberculi etc[176]. It can be used fresh or dried, for drying it is best
harvested in mid-summer[4].
The plant is experimentally antibiotic and hypotensive[218, 222].
We have a more details factsheet on the history and medicinal use of this plant. Email
[email protected] for details.
Other Uses
Dye; Ground cover.
An olive-green dye is obtained from the flowers and stems[168].
The plant is a good ground-cover in sunny positions or light shade[200].
Cultivation details
Thrives in any damp soil[1], in full sun or in light shade[238].
Plants are apt to become troublesome weeds in turf that is at all damp[1]. Self heal is a good plant
for growing in the spring meadow[24
Ciliegio tardivo (Prunus serotina)
Common
name:
Rum cherry
Family:
Rosaceae
Author:
Ehrh.
Botanical references:
11, 43, 200
Synonyms:
Prunus eximia, Padus serotina ((Ehrh.)Borkh.)
Known
Hazards:
The seeds and leaves of this species contain high quantities of hydrogen cyanide,
a poison that gives almonds their characteristic flavour. This toxin is readily
detected by its bitter taste. Usually present in too small a quantity to do any harm,
any very bitter seed or fruit should not be eaten[21, 65]. In small quantities,
hydrogen cyanide has been shown to stimulate respiration and improve digestion,
it is also claimed to be of benefit in the treatment of cancer. In excess, however, it
can cause respiratory failure and even death.
Range:
N. America - Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Also in
Arizona and Mexico.
Habitat:
Found in a variety of soils, preferring moist fertile conditions on north or east facing
slopes or protected coves[229]. Dry woods[43].
Plants For A
Future Rating
(1-5):
4
From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below.
Other Common
Names:
Amerikaanse Vogelkers [D], Black Cherry [H,P,E,B], Capulín [S],
Cherry, Choke [S], Cherry,Wild [E], Choke Cherry [S], Rum Cherry [H,E,L],
Virginian Prune [H], Virginya Kirazi [E], Wild Black Cherry [L], Wild Cherry
[H,E],
Epithets:
From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets
serotina = late;
Other Range Info: From the Ethnobotany Database
Mexico; Mexico(Kickapoo); Turkey; Us; Us(Appalachia); Us(Colonial)
Plant Passport
From DEFRA Plant passporting.
required for Trade
Plant Passport Required for trade in the UK/Europe.
in UK/EU
Physical Characteristics
A decidious tree growing to 18m by 8m at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone 3. It is in flower from May
to June, and the seeds ripen in September. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and
female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. We rate it 4 out of 5 for usefulness.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained
soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It
requires moist soil.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Woodland, Canopy.
Edible Uses
Condiment; Drink; Fruit; Seed.
Fruit - raw or cooked in pies, jellies, stews etc[2, 11, 34, 55, 62, 101, 149, 183]. It must be fully ripe
or else it will have a bitter flavour. The fruit can taste sweet or bitter[43]. The better fruits have a
thin skin and a juicy flesh with a pleasant vinous flavour[82]. The fruit can also be used as a
flavouring[149]. The taste is best when the plant is grown in a sunny position[159]. The fruit is
about 9mm in diameter and contains one large seed[200].
Seed - raw or cooked. Do not eat the seed if it is too bitter - see the notes above on toxicity.
An infusion of the twigs is used as a beverage[161, 257]. An extract from the bark is used
commercially as a flavouring in soft drinks, sweets, syrups and baked goods[183].
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Antitussive; Astringent; Pectoral; Sedative; Stomachic; Tonic.
Rum cherry was widely employed medicinally by various native North American Indian tribes who
used it to treat a variety of complaints[257]. It is little, if at all, used in modern herbalism.
The bark of the root, trunk and branches is antitussive, astringent, pectoral, sedative, stomachic,
tonic[4, 21, 95, 165, 238]. The medicinal properties of this plant are destroyed by boiling, so the
plant should only be allowed to steep in warm water[213].
The root bark and the aromatic inner bark have expectorant and mild sedative properties and a tea
made from either of them has been used to ease pain in the early stages of labour[213, 222]. The
tea is also used in the treatment of fevers, colds, sore throats, diarrhoea etc[222, 257]. The bark is
harvested in the autumn and should not be stored for longer than one year since it quickly loses its
medicinal properties[4, 213]. Young thin bark is preferred[213].
A decoction of the inner bark has been used in the treatment of laryngitis[257].
The root bark has been used as a wash on old sores and ulcers[257].
The bark contains the glycoside prunasin, which is converted in the digestive tract to the highly
toxic hydrocyanic acid[222]. Prunasin is at its highest level in the bark in the autumn[222] so the
bark is harvested at this time and can be dried for later use[254]. In small amounts this exceedingly
poisonous compound stimulates respiration, improves digestion and gives a sense of wellbeing[238].
The fruit is astringent and has been used in the treatment of dysentery[213].
We have a more details factsheet on the history and medicinal use of this plant. Email
[email protected] for details.
Other Uses
Dye; Wood.
A green dye can be obtained from the leaves[168].
A dark grey to green dye can be obtained from the fruit[168].
Wood - close and straight-grained, light, strong, rather hard, highly shock resistant[46, 82, 149,
171, 229]. It bends well, works well, finishes smoothly, glues well, seasons well, shrinks
moderately and is moderately free from checking and warping[227]. It weighs about 36lb per cubic
foot and takes a beautiful polish[227]. It is widely used for furniture, cabinet making, the interior
finish of buildings etc[46, 82, 149, 171, 229].
Sommaco maggiore (Rhus typhina)
A photo of this plant will appear in the forthcoming CD-ROM.
Common name: Stag's horn sumach
Family:
Anacardiaceae
Author:
L.
11, 43, 200
Synonyms:
Rhus viridiflora, Rhus hirta (non Engl.)
Botanical references:
There are some suggestions that the sap of this species can cause a skin rash in
Known Hazards: susceptible people, but this has not been substantiated. See also notes in
'Cultivation Details'.
Range:
Eastern N. America - New Brunswick to the southern Appalachian mountains
and west to Iowa.
Habitat:
Usually found in upland sites on rich soils, but it is also found in gravel and
sandy nutrient-poor soils. It grows by streams and swamps, along roadsides,
railway embankments and edges of woods[229].
Plants For A
Future Rating
(1-5):
4
Other Possible
From various places across the web, may not be correct. See below.
Synonyms:
Other Common
Names:
Epithets:
Datisca hirta[B,G,P] R. fraseri[G] R. typhina var. laciniata[B,P]
From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below.
Azijnboom [D], Shumach [E], Smack [E], Stag-horn Sumac [B], Staghorn
Sumac [P], Staghorn Sumach [E,H], Sumac [E], Velvet Sumac [H],
From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets
typhina = Typha (cat tail) like;
Other Range Info: From the Ethnobotany Database
Us; Us(Amerindian); Us(Appalachia); Us(Wi)
Physical Characteristics
A decidious shrub growing to 6m by 6m at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone 3 and is frost tender. It is
in flower from June to August, and the seeds ripen from October to December. The flowers are
dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one
plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required) and are pollinated by
Bees. The plant not is self-fertile. We rate it 4 out of 5 for usefulness.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils, requires well-drained soil
and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It
cannot grow in the shade. It requires dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought. The plant can
tolerates strong winds but not maritime exposure.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Hedge, Woodland, Secondary, Sunny Edge, Dappled Shade.
Edible Uses
Drink; Fruit.
Fruit - cooked[22, 62]. A very sour flavour, they are used in pies[183]. The fruit is rather small and
with very little flesh, but it is produced in quite large clusters and so is easily harvested. When
soaked for 10 - 30 minutes in hot or cold water it makes a very refreshing lemonade-like drink
(without any fizz of course)[55, 85, 95. 101, 102, 183]. The mixture should not be boiled since this
will release tannic acids and make the drink astringent.
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Antihaemorrhoidal; Antiseptic; Astringent; Blood purifier; Diuretic; Emetic; Galactogogue; Poultice;
Stomachic; Tonic; VD; Warts.
Stag's horn sumach was often employed medicinally by several native North American Indian
tribes who valued it especially for its astringent qualities[257]. It is little used in modern herbalism.
Some caution is advised in the use of the leaves and stems of this plant, see the notes above on
toxicity.
The bark is antiseptic, astringent, galactogogue and tonic[222, 257]. An infusion is used in the
treatment of diarrhoea, fevers, piles, general debility, uterine prolapse etc[213, 222]. An infusion is
also said to greatly increase the milk flow of a nursing mother - small pieces of the wood were also
eaten for this purpose[257].
The inner bark is said to be a valuable remedy for piles[257].
The roots are astringent, blood purifier, diuretic and emetic[222]. An infusion of the roots, combined
with purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) has been used in the treatment of venereal
disease[257]. A poultice of the roots has been used to treat boils[257].
The leaves are astringent. They have been used in the treatment of asthma, diarrhoea and
stomatosis[222].
An infusion of the fruits has been used as a tonic to improve the appetite and as a treatment for
diarrhoea[257]. The berries are astringent and blood purifier[257]. They were chewed as a remedy
for bed-wetting[222, 257]. A tea made from the berries has been used to treat sore throats[213].
The flowers are astringent and stomachic. An infusion has been used to treat stomach pains[257].
The sap has been applied externally as a treatment of warts[226]. Some caution is advised here
since the sap can cause a rash on many people[K].
Other Uses
Dye; Hedge; Ink; Mordant; Musical; Oil; Pipes; Shelterbelt; Soil stabilization; Tannin; Wood.
The leaves are rich in tannin, up to 48% has been obtained in a controlled plantation[223]. They
can be collected as they fall in the autumn and used as a brown dye or as a mordant[169, 171].
The bark, especially the root bark, and the fruits are also very rich in tannin[82, 159, 169].
A yellow dye can be obtained from the roots[257].
An orange dye can be obtained from the inner bark and central pith of the stem, mixed with
bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)[257].
A black ink can be made by boiling the leaves and the fruit[226].
An oil is extracted from the seeds[4]. It attains a tallow-like consistency on standing and is used to
make candles. These burn brilliantly, though they emit a pungent smoke[4].
Pipes are made from the young shoots and are used for drawing the sap of sugar maples (Acer
spp)[82]. They are also used as flutes[159].
The plant has an extensive root system and is planted as a windbreak screen and to prevent soil
erosion[200].
Wood - soft, light, brittle, coarse grained[82, 101]. It weighs 27lb per cubic foot[235]. Of no
commercial value, though it is sometimes used as a rough construction wood or is employed in
turning[226].
Robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia)
Common name:
Black locust
Family:
Leguminosae
Author:
L.
Botanical references:
11, 43, 200
Synonyms:
Known Hazards:
All parts of the plant (except the flowers) and especially the bark, should be
considered to be toxic[4, 65, 76]. The toxins are destroyed by heat[65].
Range:
Eastern N. America - Appalachian and Ozark mountain ranges. Naturalized in
Britain[17].
Habitat:
Woods and thickets[43], especially in deep well-drained calcareous soils[149].
Plants For A Future
3
Rating (1-5):
Other
Possible
Synonyms:
From various places across the web, may not be correct. See below.
Other
Common
Names:
From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below.
Other Range
Info:
From the Ethnobotany Database
R. pseudacacia[H,L] R. pseudo-acacia[E] R. pseudoacacia f. erecta[G] R.
pseudoacacia f. inermis[G] R. pseudoacacia f. microphylla[G] R. pseudoacacia f.
pyramidalis[G] R. pseudoacacia f. rehderi[G] R. pseudoacacia f. rozynskiana[G] R.
pseudoacacia f. semperflorens[G] R. pseudoacacia var. microphylla[G] R.
pseudoacacia var. pyramidalis[G] R. pseudoacacia var. rectissima[B,P] R.
pseudoacacia var. rozynskiana[G] R. pseudoacacia var. semperflorens[G]
Akasya [E], Al Sant Al Kathib [E], Black Locust [P,E,B,H,L], Common Locust [L],
False Acacia [H,L], Locust Tree [H], Robinia [D], Salgim Chichekli Aghaji [E],
Iraq; Turkey; Us
Physical Characteristics
A decidious tree growing to 25m by 15m at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone 3. It is in flower in June,
and the seeds ripen from November to March. The scented flowers are hermaphrodite (have both
male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees. It can fix Nitrogen. It is noted for attracting
wildlife. We rate it 3 out of 5 for usefulness.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils, requires well-drained soil
and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It
cannot grow in the shade. It requires dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought. It can tolerate
atmospheric pollution.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Woodland, Canopy.
Edible Uses
Condiment; Drink; Flowers; Oil; Seed; Seedpod.
Seed - cooked[2, 55, 61]. Oily[161]. They are boiled and used like peas[183]. After boiling the
seeds lose their acid taste[213]. The seed is about 4mm long and is produced in pods up to 10cm
long that contain 4 - 8 seeds[82]. A nutritional analysis is available[218].
Young seedpods - cooked[105]. The pods contain a sweetish pulp that is safe to eat and is
relished by small children[201].(This report is quite probably mistaken, having been confused with
the honey locust, Gleditsia spp[K].)
A strong, narcotic and intoxicating drink is made from the skin of the fruit[13].
Piperonal is extracted from the plant, it is used as a vanilla substitute[105]. No further details.
All the above entries should be treated with some caution, see the notes at the top of the page
regarding toxicity.
Flowers - cooked. A fragrant aroma, they are used in making jams and pancakes[7, 183]. They can
also be made into a pleasant drink[183].
Composition
Seed (Dry weight)
In grammes per 100g weight of food:
Protein: 21 Fat: 3 Fibre: 28 Ash: 6.8
In milligrammes per 100g weight of food:
Calcium: 1400 Phosphorus: 0.3
Source: [218]
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Antispasmodic; Antiviral; Aromatic; Cholagogue; Diuretic; Emetic; Emollient; Febrifuge; Laxative;
Narcotic; Purgative; Tonic.
Febrifuge[13, 46].
The flowers are antispasmodic, aromatic, diuretic, emollient and laxative[218]. They are cooked
and eaten for the treatment of eye ailments[218].
The inner bark and the root bark are emetic, purgative and tonic[4, 7, 218, 257]. The root bark has
been chewed to induce vomiting, or held in the mouth to allay toothache[222, 257], though it is
rarely if ever prescribed as a therapeutic agent in Britain[4].
The fruit is narcotic[13]. This probably refers to the seedpod.
The leaves are cholagogue and emetic[7]. The leaf juice inhibits viruses[218].
Other Uses
Dye; Essential; Fibre; Fuel; Soil stabilization; Wood.
A drying oil is obtained from the seed[2, 7].
An essential oil is obtained from the flowers. Highly valued, it is used in perfumery[7, 57, 100].
A yellow dye is obtained from the bark[223]. The bark contains tannin, but not in sufficient quantity
for utilization[223]. On a 10% moisture basis, the bark contains 7.2% tannin and the heartwood of
young trees 5.7%[223].
The bark is used to make paper and is a substitute for silk and wool[13].
Trees sucker freely, especially if coppiced, and they can be used for stabilizing banks etc[200,
226].
Wood - close-grained, exceedingly hard, heavy, very strong, resists shock and is very durable in
contact with the soil. It weighs 45lb per cubic foot and is used in shipbuilding and for making fence
posts, treenails, floors etc[4, 7, 11, 13, 46, 61, 82, 149, 171, 227]. A very good fuel[82], but it
should be used with caution because it flares up and projects sparks[226].
Rumex acetosella
Common
name:
Sheeps sorrel
Family:
Polygonaceae
Author:
L.
Botanical references:
17
Synonyms:
Known
Hazards:
Plants can contain quite high levels of oxalic acid, which is what gives the leaves of
many members of this genus an acid-lemon flavour. Perfectly alright in small
quantities, the leaves should not be eaten in large amounts since the oxalic acid
can lock-up other nutrients in the food, especially calcium, thus causing mineral
deficiencies. The oxalic acid content will be reduced if the plant is cooked. People
with a tendency to rheumatism, arthritis, gout, kidney stones or hyperacidity should
take especial caution if including this plant in their diet since it can aggravate their
condition[238].
Range:
Britain.
Habitat:
Heaths and acid grasslands[17]. A weed of acid soils[17, 55].
Plants For A
Future Rating 3
(1-5):
Other Possible
Synonyms:
From various places across the web, may not be correct. See below.
Acetosella acetosella[B,P] Acetosella tenuifolia[B,P] Acetosella vulgaris[B,P] R.
acetosella ssp. angiocarpus[B,P] R. acetosella var. pyrenaeus[B,P] R. acetosella
var. tenuifolius[B,P] R. angiocarpus[B,P] R. tenuifolius[B,P]
From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below.
Acederilla [E], Acetosella [E], Acidula [E], Chuka Palam [E], Chutrika [E], Cizana
Other Common [E], Common Sheep Sorrel [P,B], Common Sorrel [H], Kleiner Sauer Ampfer [E],
Names:
Petite Oseille [E], Red Sorrel [L], Schapenzuring [D], Sheep Sorrel [S,E], Sheep's
Sorrel [H,L], Sorrel [E], Sorrel, Sheep [S], Sorrel,Field [E], Sorrel,Sheep'S [E],
Tangax Uqux [E], Wild Sorrel [H], Wilde Zuring [E],
From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets
Epithets:
acetosella = pre Linnaean name for common sorrel and other plants with acid
leaves;
Other Range
Info:
From the Ethnobotany Database
Britain(Wales); Canada(Amerindian); Europe; France; Germany; India; Italy;
Na(Aleutian I); Netherlands; Sanscrit; Spain; Tasmania; Us; Venezuela
Noxious,
From UDSA PLANTS database, Weeds Australia , DEFRA Injurious Weeds
Invasive and
Injurious Weeds Listed as noxious for: Iowa.
Physical Characteristics
Perennial growing to 0.3m by 1m at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone 5 and is not frost tender. It is in
flower from May to August, and the seeds ripen from July to September. The flowers are dioecious
(individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so
both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required) and are pollinated by Wind. The
plant not is self-fertile. It is noted for attracting wildlife. We rate it 3 out of 5 for usefulness.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. The plant prefers acid,
neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very acid soil. It can grow in semi-shade (light
woodland) or no shade. It requires moist soil. The plant can tolerate maritime exposure.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Meadow.
Edible Uses
Drink; Leaves; Root; Seed.
Leaves - raw or cooked[4, 12, 55, 62, 183]. A delicious lemon-like flavour, most people consider
them too strong to use in quantity, but they are excellent as a flavouring in mixed salads[K]. The
leaves should only be used in small quantities due to the oxalic acid content. The leaves can be
used as thickeners in soups etc[102], they can also be dried for later use[12].
Root - cooked. It can be dried, ground into a powder and made into noodles[105].
Seed - raw or cooked[172]. Easy to harvest, but the seed is rather small and fiddly to use[K].
A drink similar to lemonade (but without the fizz) is made by boiling up the leaves[102].
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Astringent; Diuretic; Poultice.
Sheep's sorrel is a detoxifying herb, the fresh juice of the leaves having a pronounced diuretic
effect[254]. Like other members of the genus, it is mildly laxative and holds out potential as a long
term treatment for chronic disease, in particular that of the gastro-intestinal tract[254]. The plant is
also part of a North American formula called essiac which is a popular treatment for cancer. Its
effectiveness has never been reliably proven or disproven since controlled studies have not been
carried out. The other herbs included in the formula are Arctium lappa, Ulmus rubra and Rheum
palmatum[254].
The whole plant, used in the fresh state, is diaphoretic, diuretic and refrigerant[222]. A tea made
from the leaves is used in the treatment of fevers, inflammation and scurvy[222]. The leaf juice is
useful in the treatment of urinary and kidney diseases[4]. A leaf poultice is applied to tumours,
cysts etc, and is a folk treatment for cancer[222].
A tea made from the roots is astringent and is used in the treatment of diarrhoea and excessive
menstrual bleeding[222].
We have a more details factsheet on the history and medicinal use of this plant. Email
[email protected] for details.
Other Uses
Dye.
Dark green to brown and dark grey dyes can be obtained from the roots, they do not need a
mordant[168].
Ortica (Urtica dioica)
Common
name:
Stinging nettle
Family:
Urticaceae
Author:
L.
Botanical references:
17, 200
Synonyms:
Known
Hazards:
The leaves of the plants have stinging hairs, causing irritation to the skin[21, 200].
This action is neutralized by heat or by thorough drying, so the cooked leaves are
perfectly safe and nutritious[200]. However, only young leaves should be used
because older leaves develop gritty particles called cystoliths which act as an
irritant to the kidneys[172].
Range:
Britain.
Habitat:
Waste ground, hedgerows, woods etc, preferring a rich soil and avoiding acid
soils[4, 9].
Plants For A
Future Rating 5
(1-5):
From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below.
Other
Common
Names:
Bigstring Nettle [E], Common Nettle [L], Common Stinging Nettle [H], Gerrais [E],
Greater Nettle [H], Grote Brandnetel [D], Isirgan [E], Kazink [E], Nabat Al Nar [E],
Nettle [H], Nettle, Stinging [S], Nettle,Common [E], Ortiga Mayor [E], Stinging Nettle
[S,E,B,L,H,P], Stinging Nettles [S],
From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets
Epithets:
dioica = dioecious (lit. 2 houses referring to male and female parts on different
plants);
Other
From the Ethnobotany Database
Range Info: Britain; Canada(Kwakiutl); Canada(Nootka); Czechoslovakia; Europe; India; Iraq;
Kurdistan; Spain; Turkey; Us; Us(Flathead); Ussr
Physical Characteristics
Perennial growing to 1.2m by 1m at a fast rate. It is not frost tender. It is in leaf from March to
November, in flower from May to October, and the seeds ripen from June to October. The flowers
are dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any
one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required) and are pollinated by
Wind. The plant not is self-fertile. It is noted for attracting wildlife. We rate it 5 out of 5 for
usefulness.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. The plant prefers acid,
neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It
requires moist soil. The plant can tolerates strong winds but not maritime exposure.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Meadow, Hedgerow, Woodland, Sunny Edge, Dappled Shade, Shady Edge.
Edible Uses
Colouring; Curdling agent; Drink; Leaves.
Young leaves - cooked as a potherb and added to soups etc[1, 2, 9, 12, 13, 36, 183]. They can
also be dried for winter use[12]. Nettles are a very valuable addition to the diet[244], they are a
very nutritious food that is easily digested and is high in minerals (especially iron) and vitamins
(especially A and C)[4, 201, 238]. Only use young leaves (see the notes above on toxicity) and
wear stout gloves when harvesting them to prevent being stung. Cooking the leaves, or thoroughly
drying them, neutralizes the sting, rendering the leaf safe to eat[4, 244]. The young shoots,
harvested in the spring when 15 - 20cm long complete with the underground stem are very
nice[85]. Old leaves can be laxative[5].
The plants are harvested commercially for extraction of the chlorophyll, which is used as a green
colouring agent (E140) in foods and medicines[238].
A tea is made from the dried leaves, it is warming on a winters day[21, 183]. A bland flavour, it can
be added as a tonic to China tea[238].
The juice of the leaves, or a decoction of the herb, can be used as a rennet substitute in curdling
plant milks[183].
Nettle beer is brewed from the young shoots[200].
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Antiasthmatic; Antidandruff; Astringent; Diuretic; Galactogogue; Haemostatic; Hypoglycaemic;
Stings; Tonic.
Nettles have a long history of use in the home as a herbal remedy and nutritious addition to the
diet[K]. A tea made from the leaves has traditionally been used as a cleansing tonic and blood
purifier so the plant is often used in the treatment of hay fever, arthritis, anaemia etc[254].
The whole plant is antiasthmatic, antidandruff, astringent, depurative, diuretic, galactogogue,
haemostatic, hypoglycaemic and a stimulating tonic[4, 9, 21, 36, 165, 238]. An infusion of the plant
is very valuable in stemming internal bleeding[4], it is also used to treat anaemia, excessive
menstruation, haemorrhoids, arthritis, rheumatism and skin complaints, especially eczema[238].
Externally, the plant is used to treat skin complaints, arthritic pain, gout, sciatica, neuralgia,
haemorrhoids, hair problems etc[238].
The fresh leaves of nettles have been rubbed or beaten onto the skin in the treatment of
rheumatism etc[257]. This practice, called urtification, causes intense irritation to the skin as it is
stung by the nettles. It is believed that this treatment works in two ways. Firstly, it acts as a
counter-irritant, bringing more blood to the area to help remove the toxins that cause rheumatism.
Secondly, the formic acid from the nettles is believed to have a beneficial effect upon the rheumatic
joints.
For medicinal purposes, the plant is best harvested in May or June as it is coming into flower and
dried for later use[4, 238].
This species merits further study for possible uses against kidney and urinary system
ailments[222].
The juice of the nettle can be used as an antidote to stings from the leaves and an infusion of the
fresh leaves is healing and soothing as a lotion for burns[4].
The root has been shown to have a beneficial effect upon enlarged prostate glands[254].
A homeopathic remedy is made from the leaves[4]. It is used in the treatment of rheumatic gout,
nettle rash and chickenpox, externally is applied to bruises[4].
We have a more details factsheet on nutritional and health benifits of this plant. Email
[email protected] for details.
We have a more details factsheet on the history and medicinal use of this plant. Email
[email protected] for details.
Other Uses
Biomass; Compost; Dye; Fibre; Hair; Liquid feed; Oil; Repellent; Waterproofing.
A strong flax-like fibre is obtained from the stems[200]. Used for making string and cloth[1, 4, 6, 13,
36], it also makes a good quality paper[115]. It is harvested as the plant begins to die down in early
autumn and is retted before the fibres are extracted[4, 99]. The fibre is produced in less abundance
than from flax (Linun usitatissimum) and is also more difficult to extract[4].
The plant matter left over after the fibres have been extracted are a good source of biomass and
have been used in the manufacture of sugar, starch, protein and ethyl alcohol[4].
An oil obtained from the seeds is used as an illuminant[4].
An essential ingredient of 'QR' herbal compost activator[32]. This is a dried and powdered mixture
of several herbs that can be added to a compost heap in order to speed up bacterial activity and
thus shorten the time needed to make the compost[K]. The leaves are also an excellent addition to
the compost heap[12, 18, 20] and they can be soaked for 7 - 21 days in water to make a very
nutritious liquid feed for plants[54]. This liquid feed is both insect repellent and a good foliar
feed[14, 18, 53].
The growing plant increases the essential oil content of other nearby plants, thus making them
more resistant to insect pests[18, 20, 54].
Although many different species of insects feed on nettles, flies are repelled by the plant so a
bunch of freshly cut stems has been used as a repellent in food cupboards[4].
The juice of the plant, or a decoction formed by boiling the herb in a strong solution of salt, will
curdle milks and thus acts as a rennet substitute[4]. This same juice, if rubbed into small seams of
leaky wooden tubs, will coagulate and make the tub watertight again[4].
A hair wash is made from the infused leaves and this is used as a tonic and antidandruff
treatment[172, 201].
A beautiful and permanent green dye is obtained from a decoction of the leaves and stems[4, 115].
A yellow dye is obtained from the root when boiled with alum[4, 115].