Download Name: ______ANSWER KEY______ Date: : ______ Unit 1 Review

Name: _______ANSWER KEY_______ Date: ______________Block: ______
Unit 1 Review
What are the 6 steps of the scientific method?
1) Form a question
4) Perform an experiment
2) Research
5) Analyze data (graphs/charts)
3) Hypothesis
6) Conclusion (support or reject your hypothesis)
(if…independent variable…then…dependent variable)
1. What is the control group? In an experiment, the subject(s) who do not receive experimental treatment and are used as a
comparison. The “norm”
2. What is the experimental group? In an experiment, the subject(s) being tested (the subjects that are receiving treatment)
3. Define independent variable: The variable that you CHANGE (the variable that the experimenter can manipulate)
Define dependent variable: The variable which you OBSERVE and measure; this changes depending on the independent variable
Define constant variables: The variables that are kept the same in all groups
Use the picture scenarios in Figure 1 to answer questions 1-9:
26oC
26oC
0
0
Room B
Room A
Figure 1
1.
What is an appropriate hypothesis for this experiment? IF the plant in Room A receives sunlight, THEN it will grow fastest/more.
2.
What is the independent variable? Sunlight (controlled/manipulated by the experimenter)
3.
What is the dependent variable? Growth of plant (what is being measured, the result)
4.
What are some constants (control variables) used for this experiment? Temperature of the room (26 degrees Celsius) & Amount of water the
plants received (these variables remain the same, they do not change across groups)
5.
What is the experimental group? Plant in Room A (receives the treatment-sunlight)
6.
What is the control group? Plant in Room B (does not receive the treatment, used as a comparison to see the effect of sunlight)
7.
Which type of graph would be best to display the data? What variables would go along which axis? Bar graph (categories)
X-axis: independent variable (groups: sunlight, no sunlight)
Y-axis: plant growth (inches)
What acronym can you use to remember this? DRY MIX (Dependent Result Y-Axis, Manipulate Independent X-Axis)
8.
What is the scientist’s conclusion? The hypothesis was SUPPORTED, because the plant in Room A growth more as a result of sunlight (we
know the difference in growth was due to sunlight, because all other variables (amount of water, temperature) were kept the same in both
rooms.)
9. List 1 observation and 1 inference that can be made about the picture to the right:
a. Qualitative Observation: Example: The players are wearing different
colored uniforms/ they are playing football (any observation about the
quality of the picture, not dealing with numbers)
b. Quantitative Observation: Example: There are 2 football players in the
picture (any observation dealing with numbers.)
c. Inference: Example: Player number 9 is going to throw a touchdown pass
(an educated guess based on observation; we do not know for sure)
____________________________________________________________
10. What are the coordinate points of the following letters on the map above?
A: __20 S, 100 E____
C: ___0, 140 W____
D: ___60 S, 40 W___
11. Which letter is located at the following coordinates?
40oN, 100oW: __G___
20oN, 40oE: __H__
80oN, 0o:__B__
12. The global grid to the right shows lines of latitude and longitude that measure
every 10o. What would be the coordinates of point X? __50 N, 30 W___
13. What point lies on the Prime Meridian? _B__
a. What is the degree measure? ____0 degrees longitude (measures E & W__
14. What point lies on the equator? ___C___
a. What is the degree measure? ___0 degrees latitude (measures N & S)___
15. What do contour lines show on a topographic map? ___________________
16. What line runs along the steepest slope on the
following contour map?
a. AE
b. DE
c. CD
d. BE
17. What line runs along the gentlest (flattest) gradient?
a. AE
b. DE
c. CD
d. BE
18. What is the contour interval in the map to the right?
10 meters, the change in elevation between two
lines next to each other is always the same (how close
the lines are indicates the steepness/flatness of the slope
19. What is the highest possible elevation represented
on this map?
a. 39m
b. 49m
c. 41m
d. 51m
Fill out the following chart for rock types:
UNIT 2 REVIEW ANSWER KEY
IGNEOUS
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
Cooling of lava (above
Weathering, Erosion,
Heat & pressure
ground) /magma (below
Deposition, Compaction,
Earth’s surface)
Cementation
Type of rock (name):
How is it made?
1. Rocks are classified based on the way that they
FORM (ARE MADE)
2. True or False. Most rocks are a mixture of minerals.
3. The rock cycle gets its energy from the SUN and the EARTH’S INTERIOR/CORE.
4. Using the space below, draw a picture of the rock cycle. Make sure you include all 3 types of rock and the steps
needed to create them.
B = IGNEOUS ROCK
E = DEPOSITION,
COMPACTION,
CEMENTATION
(also called LITHIFICATION)
F = SEDIMENTARY ROCK
H = METAMORPHIC ROCK
I = MELTING
5. Describe the difference between weathering and erosion: WEATHERING IS THE BREAK DOWN OF ROCK &
EROSION IS THE MOVEMENT OF ROCK/SEDIMENTS BY WIND, WATER, ICE, AND/OR GRAVITY.
6. The primary agent of erosion is: RUNNING WATER
7. Weathering can be either CHEMICAL or PHYSICAL. The main difference between these two types of weathering
is that: (REMEMBER PAPER ANALOGY). IN PHYSICAL WEATHERING THE ROCK IS BROKEN DOWN INTO
SMALLER PIECES WITHOUT CHANGING THE COMPOSITION (TEARING UP PAPER = WE STILL HAVE
PAPER). IN CHEMICAL WEATHERING THE ROCK IS
BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER PIECES AND THE
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION CHANGES! (BURNING
PAPER = NO MORE PAPER-WE CANNOT GET IT
BACK)
8. When a sedimentary rock is created, it has to be
compaction and cementation.
Another name for this
process is: lithification
9. Describe how the Grand Canyon formed: running
water (the Colorado River)
10. List the 3 components of soil from LARGEST to SMALLEST: 1) CLAY
2) SILT 3) SAND
11. Using the soil diagram, answer the following two questions:
a. If you have a soil that is 10% sand, 60% silt, and 30% clay, what type of soil do you have?
SILTY CLAY LOAM (find the 3 percentages and trace to the point where all 3 lines meet)
b. If you have a soil that is 50% clay, what types of soil could you have?
CLAY or SILTY CLAY (percentages must add up to exactly 100%)
12. Circle the correct answer to fill in the blank: Chemical weathering occurs the fastest when the temperature is
hot/WARM/cool/cold and when the conditions are WET/dry.
13. In your own words, describe what happens with each of the types of physical weathering listed in the chart :
Type of physical weathering
Biological Activity
What happens during this process?
When plants or animals break apart rock
(example: roots in sidewalk break apart cement)
Rocks are broken into smaller sediments by the
Frost Wedging
continuous refreezing of water
Pressure beneath Earth’s surface causes the
Unloading
surface rocks to crack apart
Unit 3: Plate Tectonics
*Label the letters in the diagram to the right.
A: Lithosphere-rigid outer layer of earth
B: Asthenosphere-semi-solid layer of mantle
C: Mantle
What is the name of the supercontinent that
existed billions of years ago?
Pangaea
G 1) Lithosphere
F 2) Asthenosphere
D 3) Mantle
E 4) Oceanic Crust
B 5) Continental Crust
A 6) Inner Core
A. The inner most layer of Earth’s interior, made of a solid nickel-iron
alloy
B. The thicker, less dense layer of Earth’s surface associated with land
C. The layer above the inner core, made of a liquid nickel-iron alloy
due to the high heat of the inner core.
D. The molten layer within Earth, above the core and below the crust
E. The cold, more dense rocky layer of Earth’s surface found beneath
oceans
F. The semi-solid layer below the lithosphere that allows convection
to occur
G. The rigid outer layer of Earth, made up of the crust and uppermost
mantle.
C 7) Outer Core
Label the movement of the arrows as they relate to plate boundaries.
Convergent, Divergent, Transform Fault
Also, is lithosphere created, destroyed, or neither at each type of boundary?
1)
Divergent (plates divide): lithosphere is created
2)
Convergent (plates come together): lithosphere destroyed
3)
Transform (plates slide past each other in opposite directions:
lithosphere is NEITHER created or destroyed
What landforms are created at:
a) Convergent boundaries: volcanic arches & ocean trenches at subduction zones (more dense
oceanic plate slides under less dense continental plate), mountain ranges (2 continental plates)
b) Divergent boundaries: oceanic ridges and rift valleys
c) Transform boundaries: earthquakes
What is the rotational movement of magma in the mantle called and what does it cause?
(Explanation for why the tectonic plates are always moving.)
Convection currents (as magma is heated it becomes less dense and rises, as magma cools it
becomes more dense and sinks). This movement of magma in the mantle, caused by unequal
distribution of heat, results in the movement of tectonic plates in the lithosphere.
Label the Focus, Epicenter, and Fault.
Epicenter
*What are the smaller earthquakes called,
which are generated by the continued
movement of plates and other materials after
The main shock?
Fault Line
Focus
Aftershocks
What is the difference in travel times if the seismic station is 3000 kilometers from the epicenter?
5 minutes
Put in order of Fastest to Slowest:
S Waves, Surface Waves, P Waves:
P wave (primary) , S wave (secondary) , Surface wave
Put in order from most to least destructive:
S Waves, Surface Waves, P Waves:
Surface wave , S wave (secondary) , P wave (primary)
What equation is used to determine the location of an
earthquake’s epicenter?
S wave (secondary) – P wave (primary) = epicenter
How are earthquakes triggered? Elastic rebound energy building up within the plates along
the fault line
Describe what a Tsunami is and how it is formed: under-water earthquake causes giant waves
What are the smaller earthquakes called that are felt after the main show? Aftershocks
What is the difference between lava and magma?
Lava cools above Earth’s surface and Magma cools below Earth’s surface.
How a volcano erupts (Will it explode? Will it ooze?) is based on what?
a. location
b. depth
c. viscosity
d. temperature
What type of volcano is low, broad and form islands? Shield Volcano
What type of volcano is largest, most violent, and found in the Ring of Fire? Composite Cone
Unit 4 Review: Energy and Earth’s Resources
1. What is a renewable resource? Resources that can be replenished (replaced) in a short amount of time after they
are used (within our lifetime: days, months, a few years)
a. List at least 3 examples of renewable resources:
i. Trees, plants (e.g. corn, cotton)
ii. Animals (e.g. cattle, fish
iii. Water, Sunlight, Wind (also categorized as perpetual resources)
4. What is a non-renewable resource? resources that we have in a limited supply; once we use them, we cannot get
anymore because they take millions of years to replace (ex: fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas)
b. List at least 3 examples of non-renewable resource:
i. Gold, silver, aluminum, metals
ii. Fossil fuels: petroleum oil, coal, natural gas
iii. Uranium (energy source for nuclear fission)
2. What happens if you don’t use a renewable resource conservatively or sustainably? What type of resource will it
become? They will be unable to replenish/reproduce and will become a nonrenewable resource
3. What is a perpetual resource? A resource that is not affected by human use (all perpetual resources are also
renewable)
a. List at least 3 examples of perpetual resources:
i. Water (used for hydroelectric/wave power)
ii. Wind
iii. Sunlight (used for solar energy)
4. In order to prevent from overusing our current resource, showing sustainability is important. What is the best definition
of sustainability? Meeting our current needs without preventing or limiting future generations from being able
to meet their needs (providing for us today, while saving for tomorrow!)
5. As more people move into an area, the population increases as well as the needs of the population. What will this
increased need do on the resources of an area? The amount of available resources will DECREASE (the Lorax)
a. Do you think it will be easier or harder to live sustainably with a larger population? Explain your answer. As
our population increases, it will be harder/more difficult to live sustainably. As the number of people
increases there will be a greater demand for resources.
6. The graph below shows the change in carbon dioxide concentration in parts
per million (ppm) in Earth’s atmosphere from 1960 to 1990. Based on what
we’ve learned in this unit and the negative effects that different energy
sources have on the environment, why do you think the carbon dioxide
concentrations in our atmosphere have increased over the past 30 years?
The most significant cause of increased greenhouse gases (most
importantly CO2), has been the burning of fossil fuels by humans (e.g.
driving cars, factories, electricity, etc.)
7. Fill in the chart below by describing each energy source and then listing at least one advantage and one disadvantage
to each of the energy sources listed below.
Energy Description
Advantage
Disadvantage
Source
No air pollution, free energy
Costs to build photovoltaic
Solar
Uses sunlight (renewable &
panels, no sunlight at night
perpetual)
Nuclear
Uses uranium (nonrenewable)
Wind
Coal
Uses winds greater than 8mph
(renewable & perpetual)
Obtained from mining
(nonrenewable)
Produces huge amounts of
energy, no air pollution
Free energy, no air pollution
Most abundant, most
inexpensive fossil fuel
Radioactive waste, reaction
cannot be stopped, danger of
meltdowns
Costs to build turbines, harmful
to birds, wind is unreliable
Air pollution
An engineer measured how much energy a
new type of wind turbine generated in
locations with different wind speeds. A graph
of the results is shown to the right.
8. Analyze the graph and discuss the
relationship between the wind speed and
how much energy is produced. The greater
the wind speed, the greater the amount
of energy produced. No wind can be
produced from winds less than 8mph.
9. Describe the negative environmental effects
from coal mining?
Mining results in significant amounts of
air and water pollution, respiratory diseases and death to people living and working in these coal mining
areas, destruction of nature and habitats
a. What must coal mining companies do in order to fix the damage that they did to the land? (What is the term
and what does it mean?) They must try to fix damages and return the land to its original state. This
process is called RECLAMATION.
10. How are coal, oil, and natural gas formed? What is the difference between coal and oil/natural gas?
*Coal is formed from ancient trees and plants that sunk at the bottom of swamps, formed peat and was
exposed to heat and pressure over millions of years.
*Natural gas and petroleum oil formed from ancient marine animals that sunk to the bottoms of oceans. Over
time, heat and pressure resulted in oil and gas trapped deep within the Earth.
11. How long does it take to replace a renewable resource? Within our lifetime (days, hours, a few years)
12. How long does it take to replace a non-renewable resource? Millions of years
14. What is deforestation? Cutting down trees for other purposes; results in soil erosion, loss of animal habitats,
increased levels of carbon dioxide
15. What is urbanization? Increased population of humans in urban areas (city areas); buildings, roads, and
parking lots in place of trees and nature produces HEAT ISLANDS. This means that the temperature of cities is
greater than that of rural (country areas). Increased temperatures and a lack of moisture intensifies the
greenhouse gases (CO2, methane, nitrous oxide).