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The Long Nineteenth Century
WHAP/Napp
The Time Period:
 1750 – 1914 C.E.
 Less than two centuries covered but a time when the world changed dramatically
 Europe’s influence in the West waned even as it waxed in the East
 The American and French Revolutions influenced movements for independence in
colonial Latin America
 Napoleon tried to conquer Europe
 Italy and Germany unified into modern nation-states
 Japan became an imperial power
 India was entirely overrun by the British
 The United States rose to become a world power
 The Industrial Revolution – the single biggest event of the time period – seemed to
impact everything it touched, from political and economic developments, to the
drive for colonial holdings in Africa and Asia, to daily life
 The Age of European Imperialism occurred
Industry and Imperialism
The Industrial Revolution: ______________________________________________________
Beginning in Britain: __________________________________________________________
The Revolution Spread: ________________________________________________________
Another Agricultural Revolution: ________________________________________________
New Crops from the Americas: __________________________________________________
Crop Rotation and No Fallow Fields: _____________________________________________
Enclosure: ___________________________________________________________________
New Machines for Farming: ____________________________________________________
Urbanization: _________________________________________________________________
Growth of Cities: ______________________________________________________________
The End of the Domestic System: ________________________________________________
Flying Shuttle: ________________________________________________________________
Spinning Jenny: _______________________________________________________________
Richard Arkwright: ___________________________________________________________
Edward Cartwright: ___________________________________________________________
Eli Whitney: __________________________________________________________________
Cotton Gin: ___________________________________________________________________
Industrialization and the Textile Industry: _________________________________________
Steam Engine: ________________________________________________________________
Thomas Newcomer: ___________________________________________________________
James Watt: __________________________________________________________________
Robert Fulton: ________________________________________________________________
George Stephenson: ____________________________________________________________
The Impact of Vast Amounts of Coal in Britain: ____________________________________
Telegraph: ___________________________________________________________________
Telephone: ___________________________________________________________________
Light bulb: ___________________________________________________________________
Internal Combustion Engine: ___________________________________________________
Radio: ______________________________________________________________________
Airplane: ___________________________________________________________________
Pasteurization: ________________________________________________________________
Vaccinations: ________________________________________________________________
Charles Darwin: _____________________________________________________________
Theory of Evolution:___________________________________________________________
Natural Selection: ____________________________________________________________
Factory System: _____________________________________________________________
Interchangeable Parts: ________________________________________________________
Henry Ford: __________________________________________________________________
Assembly Line: _______________________________________________________________
Treatment of Workers: ________________________________________________________
Low Wages: _________________________________________________________________
Unsafe Working Conditions:____________________________________________________
Child Labor: ________________________________________________________________
Charles Dickens: ____________________________________________________________
Emergence of Middle Class: ____________________________________________________
Middle Class Women and the Domestic Sphere: ___________________________________
Adam Smith: ________________________________________________________________
The Wealth of Nations: ________________________________________________________
Private Ownership: __________________________________________________________
Free Market System: _________________________________________________________
Capitalism: _________________________________________________________________
Laissez-faire Capitalism: _____________________________________________________
The Invisible Hand: _________________________________________________________
Supply and Demand: ________________________________________________________
Karl Marx: _________________________________________________________________
Friedrich Engels: ____________________________________________________________
The Communist Manifesto:____________________________________________________
The Proletariat: _____________________________________________________________
The Revolution of the Proletariat: ______________________________________________
The Dictatorship of the Proletariat: ____________________________________________
Communism: _______________________________________________________________
Socialism: __________________________________________________________________
Luddites: ___________________________________________________________________
Reforms to Free Market: ______________________________________________________
Factory Act of 1883: __________________________________________________________
Labor Unions: _______________________________________________________________
Strikes: _____________________________________________________________________
Public Education: _____________________________________________________________
Social Mobility: _______________________________________________________________
Abolition of Slavery: ___________________________________________________________
Reforms Improved Status of Men: ________________________________________________
Woman’s Suffrage Movement: ___________________________________________________
Improvements in Standard of Living: _____________________________________________
Immigration and the Americas: __________________________________________________
Anti-Semitism: ________________________________________________________________
Irish Potato Famine: __________________________________________________________
The Drive for Natural Resources: _______________________________________________
Colonization: _________________________________________________________________
Environmental Impact of Industrialization: _______________________________________
The Drive for Colonies: ________________________________________________________
Colonies and Trade: __________________________________________________________
Social Darwinists: ____________________________________________________________
Rudyard Kipling: ____________________________________________________________
“White Man’s Burden”: _______________________________________________________
Ethnocentrism: ______________________________________________________________
European Imperialism in India: ________________________________________________
India’s Resources: ____________________________________________________________
Decline of Mughal Empire: ____________________________________________________
The British East India Company: _______________________________________________
Robert Clive: ________________________________________________________________
Sepoys: _____________________________________________________________________
Sepoy Mutiny: _______________________________________________________________
1858: _______________________________________________________________________
India as a Crown Colony: _______________________________________________________
Bahadur Shah II: _____________________________________________________________
Queen Victoria as Empress of India: _____________________________________________
Raw Materials to Britain: ______________________________________________________
Finished Goods to the Colony: __________________________________________________
Upper Castes Anglicized: ______________________________________________________
Railroads and Canals Built: ____________________________________________________
Indian National Congress: _____________________________________________________
European Imperialism in China: ________________________________________________
Canton: _____________________________________________________________________
Opium: ______________________________________________________________________
Imperial Edict on Opium: ______________________________________________________
First Opium War: _____________________________________________________________
Treaty of Nanjing: _____________________________________________________________
“Unequal Treaties”: ____________________________________________________________
Hong Kong: __________________________________________________________________
Second Opium War: ___________________________________________________________
Trading Concessions: _________________________________________________________
White Lotus Rebellions: _______________________________________________________
Taiping Rebellion: ____________________________________________________________
Manchu Self-Strengthening Movement: __________________________________________
Sino-French War: _____________________________________________________________
Sino-Japanese War: ___________________________________________________________
Treaty of Shimonoseki: ________________________________________________________
Spheres of Influence: __________________________________________________________
Open Door Policy: ____________________________________________________________
The Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists: ________________________________
The Boxers: __________________________________________________________________
The Boxer Rebellion: ___________________________________________________________
The Boxer Protocol: ____________________________________________________________
Contrasting European Imperialism in China and in India: ___________________________
Manchu Abolished Foot Binding in 1901: _________________________________________
1905, End of Examination System: ______________________________________________
1911, Manchu Government Toppled: _____________________________________________
Sun Yat-sen: _________________________________________________________________
The Three Principles of the People: ______________________________________________
Commodore Perry: ___________________________________________________________
Treaty of Kanagawa: __________________________________________________________
Meiji Restoration: _____________________________________________________________
Abolishing Samurai Class in Japan: ______________________________________________
Modernization and Industrialization in Japan: _____________________________________
The Opening of Japan: _________________________________________________________
Japan’s Industrial Revolution: __________________________________________________
Japan Defeated China in 1895 for Control of Korea and Taiwan: _____________________
Russo-Japanese War of 1904: ___________________________________________________
Zaibatsu: ____________________________________________________________________
Japan and Lack of Natural Resources: ___________________________________________
The Establishment of Liberia by Former American Slaves: __________________________
European Imperialism in Africa: ________________________________________________
1795 – The British Seized Cape Town: ____________________________________________
Boers or Afrikaners Trekked Northeast: __________________________________________
Discovery of Gold and Diamonds by Boers in Transvaal: ____________________________
Boer War: ____________________________________________________________________
South Africa as a British Colony: _________________________________________________
1910 – the Union of South Africa: ________________________________________________
The African National Congress: _________________________________________________
The Local Rulers or Beys of the Ottoman Empire: _________________________________
Muhammad Ali in Egypt Defeated the French and Ottomans: _______________________
Ali’s Westernization and Industrialization Efforts: ________________________________
After Ali: ____________________________________________________________________
The Suez Canal, Egyptians, French: _____________________________________________
Egypt Sold Shares of Canal to British: ___________________________________________
French Pushed Out of Canal and Egypt by British: ________________________________
The Berlin Conference: ________________________________________________________
Otto von Bismarck and the Conference: __________________________________________
European Division and Conquest of Africa: _______________________________________
Only Ethiopia and Liberia – Independent: ________________________________________
European Addition of Infrastructure to Continent: _________________________________
European Boundaries Not African: ______________________________________________
Brutality of Belgian Congo: ____________________________________________________
Contrasting European Rule of African Colonies: ___________________________________
European Direct Rule but British Indirect Rule in Africa: ___________________________
The Quest for Africa’s Resources: _______________________________________________
The Impact of Arbitrary Not Cultural Boundaries: _________________________________
Political Developments in the Americas and Europe
The American Revolution: _____________________________________________________
French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War): _____________________________________
George Grenville and Later Charles Townshend: __________________________________
Revenue Act: ________________________________________________________________
Stamp Act: ___________________________________________________________________
Tea Act: ______________________________________________________________________
Tea in Boston Harbor: _________________________________________________________
Lexington and Concord: _______________________________________________________
Thomas Paine and Common Sense: ______________________________________________
The French and the American Revolutionaries: ____________________________________
Constitution and Bill of Rights: __________________________________________________
Independent and Democratic United States of America: _____________________________
Influence of the Enlightenment on the American Revolution: _________________________
The French Revolution: ________________________________________________________
Louis XVI and the Need for Revenue: ____________________________________________
The Meeting of the Estates General: _____________________________________________
The First Estate: _____________________________________________________________
The Second Estate: ____________________________________________________________
The Third Estate: _____________________________________________________________
The Bourgeoisie: ______________________________________________________________
The National Assembly: ________________________________________________________
Storming the Bastille: __________________________________________________________
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: __________________________________
Abolished the Feudal System in France: ___________________________________________
Establishing the Nation-State: ___________________________________________________
Austrian and Prussian Invasion of France: _________________________________________
The Convention Abolished the Monarchy: _________________________________________
Jacobins: _____________________________________________________________________
The Execution of the King for Treason: ___________________________________________
Contrasting the American and French Revolutions: _________________________________
The Committee of Public Safety: _________________________________________________
Maximilien Robespierre: _______________________________________________________
The Guillotine: ________________________________________________________________
The Execution of Robespierre: ___________________________________________________
The Directory: ________________________________________________________________
Napoleon Bonaparte: ___________________________________________________________
Napoleonic Codes: _____________________________________________________________
But Extremely Paternalistic: _____________________________________________________
Napoleon’s Empire: ____________________________________________________________
Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia: ___________________________________________________
Napoleon’s Defeat in Russia: ____________________________________________________
Napoleon’s First Exile: _________________________________________________________
Napoleon’s Escape and the Battle of Waterloo: _____________________________________
Napoleon’s Permanent Exile: ____________________________________________________
The Congress of Vienna: ________________________________________________________
Prince von Metternich: _________________________________________________________
A Balance of Power and Restoring the Old Order: __________________________________
Latin American Independence Movements: ________________________________________
A Slave Revolt in Haiti: _________________________________________________________
Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture: ___________________________________________________
Napoleon, Haiti, and L’Ouverture: _______________________________________________
Jacques Dessalines: ____________________________________________________________
Simon Bolivar: ________________________________________________________________
Resentment of Creoles Towards Peninsulares: ______________________________________
Resentment Towards Mercantilist Policies: ________________________________________
Gran Colombia: _______________________________________________________________
Jose de San Martin: ____________________________________________________________
Bernardo O’Higgins: ___________________________________________________________
Portugal’s John VI: ____________________________________________________________
Pedro and Brazilian Independence: _______________________________________________
Pedro II: _____________________________________________________________________
Pedro II and the Abolition of Slavery: ____________________________________________
Class Conflict in Brazil: ________________________________________________________
A Republic in Brazil in 1889: ____________________________________________________
Miguel Hidalgo in Mexico: ______________________________________________________
Jose Morelos in Mexico: ________________________________________________________
Class Conflict in Mexico: _______________________________________________________
Treaty of Cordoba: ____________________________________________________________
Problems in Latin American After Independence: __________________________________
Dependent on Cash Crops and Monoculture: ______________________________________
The Monroe Doctrine: _________________________________________________________
U.S. Intervention in Latin America: ______________________________________________
Nationalism – A Consequence of the Napoleonic Era: _______________________________
The Unification of Italy: ________________________________________________________
Victor Emmanuel II: ___________________________________________________________
Count Camillo Cavour: _________________________________________________________
Giuseppe Garibaldi: ___________________________________________________________
The Red Shirts: _______________________________________________________________
The Unification of Germany: ____________________________________________________
Prussia: ______________________________________________________________________
Otto von Bismarck: ____________________________________________________________
“Blood and Iron”: _____________________________________________________________
William I: ____________________________________________________________________
Franco-Prussian War: __________________________________________________________
Industrialization of Germany: ___________________________________________________
William II: ___________________________________________________________________
Other Political Developments:
Romanov Czars: ______________________________________________________________
Alexander II: _________________________________________________________________
The Emancipation Edict: _______________________________________________________
Leo Tolstoy: __________________________________________________________________
Dostoyevsky: _________________________________________________________________
Tchaikovsky: _________________________________________________________________
Assassination of Alexander II: __________________________________________________
The People’s Will: _____________________________________________________________
Alexander III: ________________________________________________________________
Russification: ________________________________________________________________
Anti-Semitism: _______________________________________________________________
Nicholas II: __________________________________________________________________
Russian Socialists: ____________________________________________________________
Russia’s Defeat in Russo-Japanese War: ___________________________________________
Bloody Sunday: _______________________________________________________________
Peter Stolypin: ________________________________________________________________
The Duma: ___________________________________________________________________
The Beginning of the End of the Romanov Dynasty: _________________________________
The Declining Ottoman Empire: _________________________________________________
British and French Fears of the Russian Empire Seizing the Eastern Mediterranean: _____
Keeping the Ottoman Empire to Prevent Russian Expansion: _________________________
As in the Crimean War: ________________________________________________________
1883 and British Control of Egypt: _______________________________________________
President Monroe and a New Doctrine: ___________________________________________
A Doctrine Backed by Britain: __________________________________________________
Roosevelt Corollary: ___________________________________________________________
Inciting the Panamanians to Declare Independence: ________________________________
The Panama Canal: ___________________________________________________________
The Spanish-American War: ___________________________________________________
The United States and New Territories: __________________________________________
Technology and Innovations:
Railroads: ____________________________________________________________________
New Machines: ________________________________________________________________
The Power of Infrastructure: ____________________________________________________
New Forms of Entertainment for the Urban Working Class: __________________________
Modern Forms of Art in Europe Influenced by Contact with Asia and Africa: ___________
Impressionism: ________________________________________________________________
Cubism: ______________________________________________________________________
Surrealism: ___________________________________________________________________
Art Nouveau: _________________________________________________________________
Changes and Continuities in the Role of Women
A Low Point in Terms of Women’s Rights: _________________________________________
Joining Reform Movements, Labor Unions, and Socialist Parties: _____________________
Denied Access to Education Due to Ideas Based on Social Darwinism: __________________
During this time period, there were many forces of change
 Exploration
 Industrialization
 Education
 The Continuing Impact of the Enlightenment
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The End of Slavery
Military Superiority
Nationalism
Imperialism
Racism
Capitalism
Marxism
Trains and Ships
Telegraph Cables
Planes
Urbanization
Of course, most change – even “revolutionary” change – didn’t entirely supplant
everything that came before it
Slavery was successfully outlawed, but that didn’t mean that former slaves were
suddenly welcomed as equals
Racism, both social and institutional, continued
The United States declared its independence eloquently and convincingly, and then
many of the signers went home to their slaves
Factory workers argued tirelessly for humane working conditions, but once
achieved, happily processed raw materials stolen from distant lands where the
interests of the natives were often entirely disregarded
Change is indeed very complex, but it’s also impossible to ignore
Life for virtually everyone on the globe was different in 1914 than in 1750
Important Terms:
Absolute Monarch
Assembly Line
Capital
Capitalism
Cartel
Commercial
Communism
Constitution
Corporation
Emancipation
Enclosure
Estates-General
Factory
Free Market
Free Trade
Imperialism
Industrial Revolution
Laissez-faire
Labor Union
Marxism
Monopoly
Nationalism
Nation-State
Natural Resources
Revolution
Rural
Urban
Social Class
Social Darwinism
Socialism
Suffrage
Trade Union
Universal Suffrage
Urbanization
Utopia/Utopian
Wage Labor
People, Places, and Events
American Revolution
Berlin Conference
Bloody Sunday
Boer Wars
Boxer Rebellion
British East India Company
Charles Darwin
Communist Manifesto
Congress of Vienna
Declaration of Independence
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
The Diet of Japan
Emancipation of Serfs
Empress Cixi
Friedrich Engels
Execution of Louis XVI
Miguel Hidalgo
Indian National Congress
Intolerable Acts
The Jewel in the Crown
Mahmut II
Karl Marx
Maxim Guns
Meiji Restoration
Monroe Doctrine
Muhammed Ali
Muslim League
Napoleon Bonaparte
Open Door Policy
Opium Wars
Panama Canal
The Raj
Reign of Terror
Cecil Rhodes
Rudyard Kipling
Russification
Russo-Japanese War
Scramble for Africa
Sepoy Mutiny
Seven Years War (French and Indian)
Sino-Japanese War
Spanish American War
Spheres of Influence
Suez Canal
The State Duma of Russia
Steam Engine (James Watts)
Taiping Rebellion
Unequal Treaties
Otto von Bismarck
Wealth of Nations (Adam Smith)
White Man’s Burden
Witte Industrialization Program
Young Turks Party