Download cellular structure and function

AP Biology Semester Review
CHEMISTRY
1.
2.
3.
4.
Draw the basic structure of an amino acid. Label the two characteristic functional groups.
Define: covalent bond, hydrogen bond, atom, organic compound, and electron
What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? Draw and example of each.
Explain how endergonic and exergonic reactions differ. What would be the general formula for each?
CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
5. Create a set of flash cards for each organelle in a eukaryotic cell. On the back, list the function(s) and
explain how the physical structure is related to the function
6. What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Give some examples of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic organisms.
7. Plant cells and animal cells vary in structure. List the differences.
8. Draw the Fluid Mosaic model of the plasma membrane. Label all parts and give functions.
9. Movement of materials across a membrane can take many forms. Discuss the difference between
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. What structures of the plasma membrane
are used in each type of transport? Be sure to include in your answer concentration gradients, use of
energy, end result, and material moved.
EVOLUTION
10. List and define the different definitions of a species.
11. Create flashcards for each of the prezygotic and postzygotic barriers to reproduction. Give an actual
example when possible.
12. Draw a Venn diagram for gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.
13. How do fossils form? What is an index fossil?
14. How is the absolute age of fossils determined?
15. The half-life of potassium-argon decay is 1.3 million years. Construct a line graph of the following data.
How old is a sample that is 18.75% potassium (K) and 81.25% argon (Ar)?
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20.
Amount of K Amount of Ar Date (in millions of years)
75g
25g
0.7
50g
50g
1.3
25g
75g
2.6
6.25g
93.75g
5.2
Explain the difference between heterochrony and allometric growth.
What is paedomorphosis?
List, in order, the eight levels of taxonomy.
What are the methods of determining ages of samples and how does each work?
Define extinct and extant.
ECOLOGY
21. What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors in the environment? Give examples of each.
22. Define succession. State the differences and similarities between primary and secondary.
23. Draw food chains, webs, biomass pyramids, numbers pyramids, and energy pyramids. What are the
strengths and weaknesses of each method for explaining the interactions in an ecosystem?
24. Diagram with labels the carbon, water, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
25. Create flash cards for the terrestrial biomes and their characteristics.
OTHER
26. You will be expected to interpret data and graphs.
27. Review all labs completed this semester. Know how to design an experiment to test a related variable.
ESSAYS
You will answer two of the following six essays.
Describe the process of speciation. Include in your discussion the factors that may contribute to the maintenance of genetic isolation.
Living organisms play an important role in the recycling of many elements within an ecosystem. Discuss how various types of
organisms and their biochemical reactions contribute to the recycling of either carbon or nitrogen in an ecosystem. Include in your
answer one way in which human activity has an impact in the nutrient cycle you have chosen.
Do the following with reference to the Hardy-Weinberg model.
a.
b.
c.
Indicate the conditions under which allelic frequencies (p and q) remain constant from one generation to the next.
Calculate, showing all work, the frequencies of the alleles and the frequencies of the genotypes in a population of
100,000 rabbits, of which 25,000 are white and 75,000 are agouti. (In rabbits the white color is due to a recessive
allele, w, and the agouti is due to a dominant all, W.)
If the homozygous dominant condition were to become lethal, what would happen to the allelic and genotypic
frequencies in the rabbit population after two generations?
Describe the trophic levels in a typical ecosystem. Discuss the flow of energy through the ecosystem, the relationship between the
different trophic levels, and the factors that limit the number of trophic levels.
After an enzyme is mixed with its substrate, the amount of product formed is determined at 10-second intervals for 1 minute. Data
from this experiment are shown below:
Time (sec)
Product formed (mg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.70
0.80
0.85
0.85
Draw a graph of these data and answer the following questions.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
What is the initial rate of this enzymatic reaction?
What is the rate after 50 seconds? Why is it different from the initial rate?
minutes before repeating the experiment? Why?
How might altering the substrate concentration affect the rate of the reaction? Why?
How might altering the pH affect the rate of the reaction? Why?
Cells transport substances across their membranes. Choose THREE of the following four types of cellular transport.
o Osmosis
o Active Transport
o Facilitated Diffusion
o Endocytosis/exocytosis
For each of the three transport types you choose,
a. Describe the transport process and explain how the organization of cell membranes functions in the movement of
specific molecules across membranes; and
b. Explain the significance of each type of transport to a specific cell (you may use difference cell types as examples.)