Download AP Biology – Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry (Worksheet)

AP Biology – Chapter 5 (Worksheet)
Lookabaugh – Campbell Seventh Edition
Objectives:
 The role of dehydration synthesis in the formation of organic compounds and hydrolysis in the
digestion of organic compounds
 How to recognize the four biologically important organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids) by their structural formulas
 The cellular functions of all four organic compounds.
 The four structural levels that proteins can go through to reach their final shape(conformation) and
the denaturing impact that heat and pH can have on protein structure
Concept: Most macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
1. ________________ are long chains molecules made of repeating subunits called monomers. Examples:
Starch is composed of _________________ monomers and proteins are composed of ___________
____________ monomers. LIPIDS are not polymers.
2. Condensation or __________________ reactions occur to create molecules from monomers. This requires
the removal of _____________.
Example: C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O
3. ________________ occurs when water is added to split large molecules. This occurs in the reverse of the
above reaction.
Concept: Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
4. Carbohydrates include both ____________ sugars like(glucose, ____________ and galactose) and are
polymers such as starch. All carbohydrates exist in the same ratio which is: _________ C _________ H and
_________ O.
5. __________________ are monomers of carbohydrates. Examples include glucose and ____________ which
is in RNA.
6. __________________ are polymers of monosaccharides. Examples are starch, _______________(found in
plant walls), and glycogen(found in _______________ and is how sugar is stored.)
7. Two functions of polysaccharides are energy _______________ and _______________ support.
 Energy Storage Polysaccharides
___________________ is a storage polysaccharide found in plants (e.g., potatoes)
__________________ is a storage polysaccharide in animals, vertebrate muscle and ______________
cells.
 Structural Support Polysaccharides
__________________ is a major component of plant cell walls.
______________ is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods, such as lobsters and insects and the cell
walls of ______________. It gives cockroaches their _____________ sound.
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Concept: Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
8. Lipids are all ________________________. They aren’t polymers, as they are assembled from a variety of
components. Examples include waxes, ____________, fats and _______________.
9. Fats also known as ________________________ are made up of one ________________ molecule and
three ______________ acid molecules.
10. Fatty acids include _________________ chains of variable lengths. These chains are nonpolar and
therefore ______________________.
 Saturated fatty acids:
 have _________ double bonds between carbons
 tend to pack solidly at ___________ temperature
 are linked to ____________________ disease
 are commonly produced by _________________
 examples are _______________ and lard
 ________________ fatty acids:
 Have some _______________ carbon bonds, this results in __________ in the molecule
 Tend to be _____________ at room temperature
 Are commonly produced by ______________
 Examples include are corn oil and _________ oil
11. Phospholipids make up cell __________________. They
 Have a __________ backbone (head), which is hydro_____________.
 Have two fatty acid ____________ and are hydro_______________.
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 Are arranged in a ______________________ forming a cell membrane, with the _________________
heads pointing toward the watery cytosol or _________ cellular environmnent, and ________________
tails sandwiched between.
12. ______________________ are made up of four rings that are fused together.
 ___________________ is a steroid and is a common component of cell __________________.
 Estrogen and testosterone are steroid ___________________.
________________
______________________
________________
________________
Concept: Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
13. Proteins are ________________ made up of amino acid ____________________.
14. Amino acids contain a central carbon bonded to a __________________ group, an amino group, a
_____________ atom and an R group (variable group or side chain.)
15. _____________ bonds link amino acids. They are formed by __________________ synthesis. The
“____________________” of the protein depends on the order and ____________ of amino acids.
16. There are four levels of protein structure:
 _____________________ structure is the unique sequence of amino acids that are joined.
 _____________________ structure refers to one of “two possible” 3-Dimensional shapes that are results
of _______________ bonding.
 Alpha helix ________ is a coiled shape.
 _________ pleated sheet β is an _____________ shape.
 Tertiary structure results in a complex _______________ shape, due interactions between R-groups,
such as hydrophobic interactions, van____________ interactions, ______________ bonds and disulfide
bridges.
 Globular proteins such as ___________________ are held in position by these R-groups.
 ________________ structure refers to the association of two or more ____________________ chains
into one large protein. Hemoglobin is a globular protein with this structure, and is composed of
_______ chains.
17. Protein shape is crucial to protein _________________. When a protein does NOT fold properly, it will
not work correctly. This can be a result of a ___________________ amino acid substitution. Example:
Abnormal hemoglobin formation which results in _____________________ disease.
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18. _____________________ are protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of proteins within cells.
They provide an isolating environment in which a polypeptide chain may attain final __________________.
19. ________________________ occurs when a protein loses its shape and ability to function properly due to
_______________, change in _______ or some other disturbance.
Concept: Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information
20. DNA (______________________________________), and RNA(____________________________), are
the two nucleic acids. Their monomers are _______________ acids.
21. Nucleotides are made up of three parts:
 Nitrogenous base They are: ____________,______________ _____________ _________________
_______________.
 A pentose (_______ carbon) sugar. DNA has _______________ and RNA has________________
 _____________________ group
22. DNA is the molecule of ______________________.
 It is a double-stranded ______________.
 Its nucleotides are ______________________________________________________.
 They always bind _______________ + ________________ and _____________ + ____________
23. RNA is _______________ stranded.
 Its nucleotides are ______________, _______________, _____________ & ______________
 It does NOT have ________________________
Fill in the chart with the missing information:
Macromolecule
Carbohydrates
Monomer/Component
Lipids
Fatty acids,
______________
Amino acids
Nucleic Acids
Examples
Functions
Sugar, starch,
Energy, energy storage,
__________,______________ structure
Important energy
source, _____________
Movement
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___________
DNA, ___________
Heredity, code for
proteins