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BIOLOGY II
FINAL EXAM REVIEW
CHAPTER 9- RESPIRATION
1. The partial breaking-down of sugars that occurs without the help of oxygen is called
_____fermentation_____________________________.
2. The chemical equation for cellular respiration is ___C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38
ATP.
3. The loss of electrons from a substance is called ____oxidation______________________.
4. The gain of electrons from a substance is called ______reduction_____________________.
5. The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is _____oxygen__________.
6. In general, electrons follow this “downhill” route:
Food  __NADH_______  electron transport chain  oxygen
7. ____glycolysis____occurs in the cytosol, and breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of
pyruvate.
8. For each molecule of glucose broken down into CO2 during respiration, the cell can make up to
__38_____ ATP.
9. ____fermentation_____________________ is an extension of glycolysis that can generate ATP
by substrate-level phosphorylation.
10. The 2 common types of fermentation are ___alcoholic________________________ and
____lactate (lactic acid)________ _____________.
11. ____Redox_____________ reactions are reactions in which there is a transfer of one or more
electrons from one reactant to another.
12. At the end of the electron transport chain, H+ and O 2 combine to form __water__________.
13. The net yield of ATP for glycolysis is ___38______ ATP.
14. The metabolic pathway that is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration is
____glycolysis___________________.
15. Human muscle cells make ____lactic_______ ___acid_____ by fermentation when oxygen is
low.
16. ____anaerobic_________ means without oxygen.
17. ____alcoholic________________ fermentation by yeast is used in brewing and winemaking.
18. Most of the ATP produced in respiration comes from ___chemiosmosis______________.
19. The net yield of NADH in glycolysis is ___2_______ NADH.
20. When pyruvate is converted to acetate and then to Acetyl-CoA, a molecule of NADH is
produced and a molecule of __CO2______ gas is produced.
CHAPTER 10- PHOTOSYNTHESIS
21. The conversion of solar energy from the sun to chemical energy stored in sugar and other
organic molecules is called __photosynthesis______________.
22. _autotrophs/plants__________ are the main sources of organic compounds for all other
organisms, so they are called the PRODUCERS of the biosphere.
23. _heterotrophs___________________ are unable to make their own food, so they live on
compounds produced by other organisms. They are called the CONSUMERS of the biosphere.
24. Green pigment found in the chloroplast is called __chlorophyll____________.
25. The summary equation for photosynthesis is _6CO2 + 6H2O+light energyC6H12O6+ 6O2
26. The incorporation of CO2 from the air into organic molecules present in the chloroplast is called
___carbon_________ ___fixation_________________.
27. The light reactions take place in the ___thylakoid_________________ of the chloroplast.
28. The dark reactions take place in the ____stroma________________ of the chloroplast.
29. The 2 products of the light reactions, which are needed for the dark reactions, are
___ATP_________ and ___NADPH_________.
30. Wavelength of light can be measured with an instrument called a
_____spectrophotometer____________________.
31. The colors of light that work best for photosynthesis are ___red__________ and
___blue____________.
32. When light excites an electron in the reaction center of a photosystem, that electron moves to a
higher energy level and is immediately picked up by the __primary____ ___electron____
___acceptor_______________.
33. The reaction center of photosystem I is called _P700__________ because it most effectively
absorbs light of this wavelength.
34. The reaction center of photosystem II is called ____P680___________ for the same reason.
35. The electrons in photosystem II are replaced by the splitting of ____water__________.
36. When the reaction in 22 happens, _O2____ is given off as a product.
37. The reducing agent in the Calvin cycle is __NADPH_________.
38. Plants are SPECIFICALLY called __photoautotrophs_____ because they use light as a source
of energy to synthesize organic compounds.
39. Heterotrophs that consume the remains of dead organisms are called __decomposers____.
40. CO2 enters the leaf and oxygen exits by way of microscopic pores called _stoma/stomata___.
41. It was originally thought that oxygen given off by plants came from ___CO2_____ and not
water. This was challenged by C.B. van Niel.
42. The __light________ reactions are the steps of photosynthesis that convert solar energy to
chemical energy.
43. Radiation that is most important to life is called ___visible____ ___light_____, and has
wavelengths that range from 380 to 750 nm.
44. A substance that absorbs visible light is called a ___pigment________________.
45. Sometimes light behaves like it is made up of particles called __photons____________.
CHAPTER 12- CELL CYCLE
46. Human somatic cells have _46____ (number) chromosomes.
47. Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, divide by a process called __binary____ ___fission____.
48. A cell’s entire collection of DNA makes up its __genome_________________.
49. DNA molecules are packaged into __chromosomes_______, making the replication and
distribution of DNA more manageable.
50. Human gametes contain __23______ (number) chromosomes.
51. Whenever a cell is NOT dividing, DNA is in a form called _chromatin_______________.
52. Gametes are produced by __meiosis___________________, which produces daughter cells
having half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
53. Human sperm cells have __23_____ (number) chromosomes.
54. Mitosis alternates with __interphase____________________ during which the cell grows and
copies DNA in preparation for division.
55. DNA is only copied during the ___S___ phase of interphase.
56. Whenever cancer cells separate from their original tumor, enter the blood, and invade other
parts of the body, this is known as ___metastasis___________________.
57. A mass of abnormal cells is called a ____tumor______________.
58. Instead of forming a cleavage furrow, plant cells deposit a __cell_____ ___plate______
between the 2 newly formed cells.
59. Human egg cells have _23_____ (number) chromosomes.
60. If cancer cells remain at their original site, the lump that they form is called a
__benign_____________ tumor.
CHAPTER 13- MEIOSIS
61. The scientific study of heredity and variation is called __genetics___________________.
62. Human males would have the sex chromosomes _XY____.
63. All other chromosomes EXCEPT the sex chromosomes are called ___autosomes_____.
64. Sperm cells and ova are called __gametes/sex cells_____________.
65. Chromosomes that are the same length, have the same centromere position and staining
pattern are called ____homologous_____________ chromosomes.
66. Cells that have only a single set of chromosomes are called __haploid___________.
67. A picture of an organism’s chromosomes is called a ___karyotype__________________.
68. For humans, n = _23___ and 2n = _46___.
69. The pairing up of homologous chromosomes is called ___synapsis__________.
70. A pair of homologous chromosomes is called a __tetrad_____________.
71. The result of meiosis I is __2___ (number) __haploid_ (haploid/diploid) daughter cells and the
result of meiosis II is ___4____ (number) __haploid_________ (haploid/diploid) daughter cells.
72. If a diploid cell with 18 chromosomes undergoes meiosis, the resulting gametes will each have
_9___ chromosomes.
73. X and Y chromosomes are called __sex_____ chromosomes.
74. Cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes are called __diploid____________.
75. The role of __mitosis________ in the body is that it enables a multicellular adult to arise from a
zygote, and produces cells for growth and repair.
CHAPTER 14- GENETICS (THE GENE IDEA)
76. A ____character____________________ is a heritable feature that varies among individuals,
such as flower color.
77. The P1 generation produces the __F1____ generation, which produces the _F2_ generation.
78. Alternative versions of genes are called __alleles_______________.
79. An organism’s genetic makeup is called ___genotype_________________.
80. In __incomplete____ dominance, F1 hybrids have an appearance in between the phenotypes
of the 2 parents.
81. In incomplete dominance, when red snapdragons are crossed with white, all F 1 hybrids would
be ___pink__________ (color).
82. The 2 possible genotypes for a person with type A blood is __IAIA__ and ___IAi____.
83. A family tree describing the interrelationships of parents and children across the generations is
called a ___pedigree__________________.
84. Heterozygotes are called ____carriers___________ of a genetic disorder because they may
pass the recessive allele to their offspring.
85. ___Huntington’s_____________________ disease is a degenerative disease of the nervous
system in which symptoms do not appear until the age of 35-40.
86. An organism having a pair of identical alleles for a character (ex: pp) is said to be
_____homozygous________________.
87. A ___testcross_______________ is a genetic cross performed when the genotype of one of
the parents is unknown.
88. The __blending________________ model of heredity is the idea that genetic material
contributed by 2 parents mixes, and over many generations, a freely mating population will give
rise to a uniform population of individuals.
89. __Gregor___ ___Mendel____________ was a monk who started breeding garden peas
around 1857 to study inheritance.
90. In the pea plants that Mendel observed, flower position can be either __axial__ or
_terminal______________.
91. ____Tay___-____Sachs_____ disease affects the brain cells’ ability to metabolize a type of
lipid because an enzyme does not work properly.
92. The only possible genotype for type O blood is __ii______.
93. In ___epistasis__________________, a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of
a gene at a second locus.
94. In the genetic disorder __cystic___ ___fibrosis__________, a buildup of extracellular chloride
occurs causing mucous that coats certain cells to be thicker than usual.
95. ___Amniocentesis________________________ can be performed at the 14th to 16th week of
pregnancy and is completed by inserting a needle into the uterus and extracting amniotic fluid.
96. If 2 alleles differ, the _dominant___ allele is fully expressed in the organism’s appearance; the
other, the ___recessive_____ allele has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance.
97. A diagram used to predict the results of a genetic cross is called a __punnett___ _square__.
98. The independent segregation of each pair of alleles during gamete formation is called the Law
of ___Independent__ __Assortment____________________.
99. Because alleles on separate chromosomes segregate independently, when crossing 2
heterozygous individuals Mendel always ended up with a __9__: _3__: _3_: _1_ phenotypic ratio.
100. ____Pleiotropy_______ is the ability of a gene to affect an organism in many ways.
101. ___Sickle_____-_____Cell___________ disease is caused by substitution of a single amino
acid in the hemoglobin protein of red blood cells.
102. An __ultrasound__________________ allows the physician to examine the fetus for major
anatomical abnormalities.
103. An organism’s physical appearance or ability is called ___phenotype__________.
104. _Polygenic__________________ inheritance is an additive effect of 2 or more genes on a
single phenotypic character.