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Unit 1 Biology 2013 The MacRobertson Girls’ High School VCE Biology – Unit 1 Assessment Task 2: TEST Advice Regarding the Test: Your second assessment task for Semester 2 will be a test on chapters 6, 7, 9 and part of 8. This will take place in the last week of term 3. The test will consist of multiple choice and short answer questions and take approximately 40 minutes of class time. Chapter 6, 8(only gas exchange in plants)7, 9 Key Points Chapter 6 Photosynthesis: equation-reactant and products(fate of the products of photosynthesis) Factors affecting rate(limiting factors) Role of chlorophyll Colour of light needed for photosynthesis. Compensation point (point which the rate of p/s =rate of respn): how to interpret this graph and what will be happening in terms of gas exchange at each point. Minerals: method of uptake: mostly active (what does this mean, what does it require?) Uptake of water by root hairs-by osmosis Chapter 7 Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. For each you should know smaller subunits that compose each (e.g. proteins-amino acids, lipids-glycerol and fatty acids, carbohydrates-monosaccharides eg glucose) which are the products of digestion, general food sources of each, the enzyme group that is responsible for the digestion of each. Feeding classifications Autotrophs v’s heterotrophs: Describe the general ways in which animals feed omnivores, herbivores, carnivores and their structure-function adaptation: including teeth types and position, skull structure and length of different parts of intestine, presence of caecum etc. Why is digestion necessary? Distinguish between and describe the 4 stages of the digestive process: ingestion, digestion, absorption and egestion. Distinguish chemical digestion from physical or mechanical digestion Explain how chemical digestion generally involves enzyme activity – in environments provided by SPECIFIC compartments of the digestive system and how the correct pH for enzyme activity is achieved in the following compartments; stomach(release of HCl from gastric layer of stomach wall makes pH of stomach acidic-ph1-2) and small intestines(bicarbonate in pancreatic juice and bile salts in bile are released into the duodenum making pH about 7-8) Define: digestion, enzyme, active site, substrate, specificity, emulsification Describe the specific digestive functions of the components of the digestive systems – ie all parts of the alimentary canal and the associated glands (liver and pancreas). mouth(role of teeth tongue epiglottis) oesophagus: peristalsis to move food along stomach: Storage of food. Secretion of HCl(pH-1-2) and pepsinogen pepsin. responsible for chemical digestion of protein small intestine: liver: bile (stored in gall bladder prior to release) function of BILE is to emulsify duodenum organs that add secretions to the duodenum lipids to increase the surface area upon which lipase acts. (note bile not an enzyme? pancreas: secretion of pancreatic juiceBicarbonate ions and enzymes. Function: -1neutralize chyme and further chem. Dign of carbohydrates and proteins Unit 1 Biology 2013 ileum: structure and function of villi (including microvilli) and which nutrients(glucose and amino acids) are absorbed into capillaries(for transport in blood circulatory system) and which into the lacteal(fatty acids and glycerol(for transport in lymph system) large intestine colon: further absorption of water (note most is absorbed in small intestine though), synthesis of some vitamins by bacteria rectum:storage of faeces anus: sphincter muscle that controls the release of faeces Where are sphincter muscles located along the alimentary canal and what is their general purpose. Outline the location(s) of the digestion of specific nutrients: Where does the chemical digestion of each of the following commence: carbohydrates, proteins (some controversy about lipids. Your text talks about gastric lipase, however many references don’t mention lipid digestion until the duodenum. There is also lipase produced by the tongue. (we will avoid testing this point due to this issue) Chapter 8 Gas exchange in plants: Structure and role of stomata in leaves Role of cuticle in terms of reduction of evaporative water loss across the epidermis. That gas exchange occurs by diffusion. During the day as the rate of photosynthesis exceeds the rate of respiration, there is a net loss of oxygen from the leaves by diffusion and a net uptake of carbon dioxide also by diffusion. Diffusion is a passive process. The rate of diffusion depends on temp. and size of the concentration gradient of the gas in question. Chapter 9 Circulation in animals Roles/functions of a circulatory system Open versus closed circulatory systems Types of organisms that do not require a circulatory system Blood: composition: plasma, erythrocytes (red blood cells), leucocytes (white blood cells) and platelets. The structure and function of the various components. What materials are carried to cells in plasma, and on red blood cells Which materials are carried from cells to body in blood How the composition of the blood changes as it passes through a bed of capillaries and exchange of material occurs between the tissue and the blood within the capillaries. Mammalian heart- composing muscle type, structure of heart and how it related to the function of each chamber; blood vessels that lead to and from the heart. Function of the heart, how blood moves through the heart and the function of valves. Relate heart rate to body functioning. Compare 4 chambered heart of mammal with 3 chambered heart of frog and 2 chambered heart of fish. Why aren’t they all the same? (TIME PERMITTING???) Structure and function of veins/capillaries/arteries and how structure relates to their function.(relative pressure in each type of vessel and relate this to thickness of walls) Be able to distinguish these blood vessels based on both structure and function How blood pressure differs in various parts of the circulatory system Role of lymphatic system in returning tissue fluid into circulation (TIME PERMITTING) Transport in plants Leaf structure and function. Structure and function of stoma Structure of xylem and phloem Transpiration definition and the factors that affect its rate: (humidity level, temp, wind) Translocation Concept of ringbarking Monocot and dicot TS sections of root and stem; location of vascular tissue -2-