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EVOLUTION NOTES PACKET Theory: Definition: ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ o Observations lead to hypotheses, hypotheses lead to experiments, many experiments lead to a theory. o Can be modified, or even proven false o Considered successful if it can be used to make measurable, testable predictions that are correct EX: Cell Theory Law: Definition: ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ o Observations lead to a mathematical model, model is used to describe events, measurements of events are used to reinforce model o Always the same outcomes under the same conditions o Can be modified, or even proven false EX: Newton’s Laws of Motion, Law of Gravity Biology deals with theories, not laws. Physics and Chemistry deal more with laws then theories. The Theory of Evolution: A collection of facts, observations, hypotheses and explanations about how __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Evolution: ________________________________________________________ Introduction and Terminology Variation and Species: A species is an _______________________ population of organisms that can reproduce __________________, _________________________ offspring Variation is the ____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ o EX: hair color; fur color; height; size Variations can be physical, behavioral, or chemical o EX: Physical - color, size Behavioral - mating rituals, diet Chemical - blood type, hormone levels Variation creates a population w/ ____________________________________ and these traits determine the _________________________________________ in an environment. ________________________ and _____________________________________ (during crossing over of meiosis) cause variations with in populations o Mutations can be positive, negative, or have no effect for an organism Positive mutations help the organism to survive allowing them to __________________________ and pass that positive mutation on to their offspring Adaptations: ___________________________________ are inherited traits that increase an organism’s (or population’s) chances of survival in an environment There are many types of adaptations that help organisms to survive better Adaptations allow populations to become suited to a specific niche o Niche is a _________________________________________________ ___________________________________________. A niche includes: Habitat, diet, raising offspring, and predation Jean Baptiste LaMarck A French naturalist that did his work prior to Charles Darwin and Alfred R. Wallace Suggested evolution as a ________________________________________ to explain relationships of fossils to current organisms o Among the first scientist to recognize that living things changed over time LaMarck’s Theory of Acquired Characters had 3 main ideas: 1. Desire to Change: __________________________________________________ a. EX: Giraffes – according to LaMarck, giraffes have long necks because they stretched their necks to reach the leaves that were higher on trees 2. Use and disuse: most used body structures ____________________________ and the unused structures ____________________________________ a. EX: Giraffes – used their necks for reaching leaves, so their necks continued to develop and get longer 3. Passing on of ______________________________ traits a. EX: Giraffes – giraffes that stretched their necks passed on their stretched neck IMPORTANT: LaMarck was incorrect, but he is still credited with being one of the first people to devise a theory of evolution and adaptation! Charles Darwin A little history o Boat he traveled on: ____________________________________ o Islands he spent a lot of time on: ___________________________ o Animals he focused on: __________________________________ o Book he wrote: _____________________________________ Natural Selection Natural Selection: ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ o Some part of the organism's environment selects the traits o Organisms with traits beneficial in the environment survive, reproduce and pass those traits on to their offspring Which would be more likely to survive in a muddy pond, a bright red frog or a brown frog? Why? Main Points of Natural Selection 1. Living things ______________________________________________ More offspring are produced than survive o EX: frogs produce hundreds of eggs, but only a few develop into adult frogs 2. There is _____________________________________ in traits among individuals Each living thing does not appear exactly like all the others 3. There is a struggle to __________________________, _____________ for resources There are more living things than there are resources Organisms compete with each other for resources and survival 4. _______________________________________________ is always taking place o Individuals with traits that increase fitness have more offspring than those without those traits Fitness: ______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Individuals that survive and reproduce will pass their traits to their offspring, so the traits of better adapted individuals will increase in proportion in the population over time. ***Remember: New traits arise from mutations, or changes in DNA*** The Development of New Species Species Species: __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Speciation Speciation: ________________________________________________________ o Speciation commonly occurs when members of a species have been separated Separation of Species New species may form due to: o _______________________________________________ (rivers, oceans, mountains, glaciers, lava flows) Animals of the same species find themselves living in different environments This causes ________________________________________, or the separation of population so that species cannot interbreed Natural Selection will work separately on each group With different gene pools, different adaptations can appear in each group This increases the differences between the groups and their gene pools become more dissimilar, eventually creating 2 different species EX: species of finches on Galapagos Islands Each species of finch had a different beak shape to suit the food on their island Evidence of Evolution Fossils Fossils are _________________________________________________________ Fossils are found in ___________________________________ rocks o Position of fossils in rock layers reveal the relative age of the organism Fossil record: ______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ o Some fossils are not preserved well and some organisms do not leave fossils at all - this accounts for gaps in the fossil record o The fossil record provides information about: The _____________ of the Earth ___________________ in Earth Evolution of _______________________ Earth’s _____________________ and ______________________ Homologous Structures (aka comparative anatomy) Homologous Structures are traits that have _______________________ structures but _______________________________ functions in different species o EX: Flippers, hands, bat wings, and bird wings all function differently, yet are made up of the same group of bones! Certain anatomical similarities among species support evolutionary history Vestigial Structures Vestigial Structures are structures that are _____________________________ and often ___________________________ o Historical remnants of structures important in ancestors EX: whales of today lack hindlimbs, yet have vestiges of the pelvis and leg bones of their 4-footed terrestrial ancestors Comparative Embryology Comparison of structures that appear during the development of different organisms Closely related organisms often have similar stages in embryonic development Evidence that vertebrates evolved from a ________________________________ o All vertebrates (fishes, frogs, snakes, birds, apes) have gill pouches/slits on sides of throat during embryonic stage Comparative Biochemistry (molecular biology) Common genetic code shared by all species Evolutionary relationships among species leave signs in DNA/proteins (genes/gene products) If 2 species have genes/proteins with sequences that match closely, sequences must have been copied from __________________________________________ EX: o _______________________________________is a protein used in respiration by all organisms o _____________________ is an energy molecule for all living things o All organisms use _________ and __________ to transmit genetic info Biogeography Biogeography is the study of __________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ o Suggested to Darwin that organisms evolved from ancestral forms Galapagos animals resembled species of South American mainland more than animals on similar but distant islands EX: o Tropical animals of South America more closely related to species in South American deserts than to species in African tropics